tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55930440445432328602024-03-13T03:48:17.852-07:00fpmamaso2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.comBlogger104125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-84872624233088085152007-12-05T11:08:00.000-08:002007-12-05T11:09:00.128-08:00 <b></b><br /> It is proposed that this article be <b><span href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">deleted</span></b>, because of the following concern:<br /> <b>most of it not true, opinionated, without legitimate sources</b><br /> If you can address this concern by <span href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">improving</span>, <span href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">copyediting</span>, <span href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">sourcing</span>, <span href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging_and_moving_pages" title="Wikipedia:Merging and moving pages">renaming</span> or <span href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging_and_moving_pages" title="Wikipedia:Merging and moving pages">merging</span> the page, <b>please <span href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magyarization&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magyarization&action=edit" rel="nofollow">edit this page</span></b> and do so. You may remove this message if you improve the article or otherwise object to its deletion for any reason. To avoid confusion, it helps to explain why you object to the deletion, either in the <span href="/wiki/WP:ES" title="WP:ES">edit summary</span> or on the <span href="/wiki/WP:TP" title="WP:TP">talk page</span>. If this template is removed, it should not be replaced.<br /> The article may be deleted if this message remains in place for five days.<span id="delete-reason" style="display:none">Prod, concern: most of it not true, opinionated, without legitimate sources</span> This template was added <b>2007-08-12 11:05</b>; five days from then is <b>2007-08-17 11:05</b>.<br /> <small>If you created the article, please don't take offense. Instead, consider improving the article so that it is acceptable according to the <span href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">deletion policy</span>.</small><br /> <b>Magyarization</b> or <b>Magyarisation</b> (or "Hungarization", "Hungarianization" or "Hungarianisation", etc.) is a common designator applied to a number of ethnic <span href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</span> policies implemented by various <span href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</span> authorities at various times. These policies aimed at imposing or maintaining the dominance of <span href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</span> and culture in Hungarian-ruled regions by encouraging or compelling (often by forcible means) people of other ethnic groups to adopt the Hungarian language and culture, and to develop a Hungarian identity.<br /> <span name="Origin_of_the_term" id="Origin_of_the_term"></span><br /> <b> Origin of the term</b><br /> The term is also sometimes used to refer to broader ethnic discrimination, which was used as a rationale for Magyarization. From the Hungarian point of view, historically notable personalities that came from Magyarized families were Hungarian.<br /> <span name="Magyarization_in_the_Austrian_Empire_and_Austria-Hungary" id="Magyarization_in_the_Austrian_Empire_and_Austria-Hungary"></span><br /> <b> Magyarization in broader sense</b><br /> The term Magyarization is usually used in regards to the national policies implemented by the government of the <span href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</span>, which was part of the Habsburg Empire. The onset of this process dates to the late 18th century The policies of Magyarization aimed to make the fluency in Hungarian language a requirement for access to basic government services such as local administration, education, and justice.<br /> <span name="State_policy_and_ethnic_relations" id="State_policy_and_ethnic_relations"></span><br /> <b> Magyarization in the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary</b><br /> The first Hungarian government after the Ausgleich, the 1867–1871 <span href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</span> regime led by Count <span href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Gyula Andrássy</span> and sustained by <span href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k" title="Ferenc Deák">Ferenc Deák</span> and his followers, passed the 1868 Nationality Act, that declared "all citizens of Hungary form, politically, one nation, the indivisible unitary Hungarian nation (<i>nemzet</i>), of which every citizen of the country, whatever his personal nationality (<i>nemzetiség</i>), is a member equal in rights." The Education Act, passed the same year, shared this view as the Magyars simpy being <i>primus inter pares</i> ("first among equals"). At this time ethnic minorities "de jure" had a great deal of cultural and linguistic autonomy, including in education, religion, and local government.). These empty lands were repopulated, by administrative measures adopted by the Vienna Court especially during the 18th century, by Hungarians and Slovaks from the northern part of the Kingdom that avoided the devastation (see also <span href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</span>), Swabians, Serbs (Serbs were majority in most southern parts of the Pannonian Plain during Ottoman rule, i.e. before those Habsburg administrative measures), Croats and Romanians. The result of this migration was that on a large swath of land, roughly between <span href="/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9t" title="Kecskemét">Kecskemét</span> and the southern border areas, various ethnic groups lived side by side (this ethnic heterogeneity is preserved until today in certain parts of <span href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</span>, <span href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</span> and <span href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</span>). After 1867, Hungarian became the <span href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</span> on this territory in the interaction between ethnic communities, and individuals who were born in mixed marriages between two non-Magyars often grew a full-fledged allegiance to the Hungarian nation (the best-known example being <span href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi" title="Sándor Petőfi">Sándor Petőfi</span>, Hungarian national poet born from a Serbo-Slovak marriage). Since Latin was the official language until 1842 and the country was directly governed from Vienna (which excluded any large-scale governmental assimilation policy from the Hungarian side before the 1867 <span href="/wiki/Ausgleich" title="Ausgleich">Ausgleich</span>), the factor of spontaneous assimilation should be given due weight in any analysis relating to the demographic tendencies of the <span href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</span> in the 19th century.<br /> <span name="Violent_oppression" id="Violent_oppression"></span><br /> <b> State policy and ethnic relations</b><br /> Although the policy of Magyarisation was mainly pursued in the form of discrimination (see the sections below), the measures were backed by the state police and secret police One of the incidents that shocked the European public opinion was the <span href="/wiki/%C4%8Cernov%C3%A1_tragedy" title="Černová tragedy">Černová massacre</span> in 1907.<br /> <span name="Education" id="Education"></span><br /> <b> Violent oppression</b><br /> Schools funded by churches and communes had the right to provide education in minority languages. These church-funded schools, however, were mostly founded before 1867, that is, in different socio-political circumstances. Clause 38 of the 1868 law</small><br /> <span name="Colonization" id="Colonization"></span><br /> <b> Education</b><br /> The central part of the Kingdom of Hungary was <span href="/wiki/Colonisation" title="Colonisation">colonized</span> with settlers belonging to different nationalities in the 18th century. Colonization was implemented in the <span href="/wiki/Dun%C3%A1nt%C3%BAl" title="Dunántúl">Dunántúl</span> consider that Count Grassalkovich settled <span href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</span> and <span href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</span> among Hungarians with the goal to increase number of Hungarians. Separated from their main ethnic territory in <span href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</span> and <span href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</span>, these two groups would be easily assimilated by the Hungarians. It is evident that most of the Slovaks of <span href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</span> faith that were settled in Vojvodina were later assimilated into the Hungarians, while those that were <span href="/wiki/Protestants" title="Protestants">Protestants</span> retained their Slovak ethnicity.<br /> The settling in of Hungarians into the region continued until the end of the First World War. The statistics for 1880-1900 period show that the ordinary population growth in the Kingdom of Hungary for this period was +10.3%. However, the comparison between population growth of Serbs and Hungarians in the cities of Vojvodina show that Serb population growth was -19.5%, while Hungarian population growth was +105.2%. The last number, however, indicate both, colonization and Magyarization of non-Hungarians from the area.<br /> <span name="Election_system" id="Election_system"></span><br /> <b> Colonization</b><br /> The census system of the post-1867 Kingdom of Hungary was unfavourable to nationalities. According to the 1874 election law, which remained unchanged until 1918, only the upper 5.9% of whole population had voting rights. That high census effectively excluded almost the whole peasantry and the working class from the political life. The percentage of low-income people was somewhat higher among the nationalities than among the Magyars, except the Germans who were generally richer.<br /> In 1900, nearly 33% of the deputies were elected by less than 100 and close upon 66% of the deputies were elected by less than 1000 votes. The Magyars who gave the 54.5% of the whole population (in Hungary proper) had 60.2% majority in the electorate. Ethnic Germans participated with 10.4% in population and 13.0% in the electorate. The participation of other ethnic groups was as follows: Slovaks (10.7% in population, 10.4% in the electorate), Romanians (16.1% in population, 9.9% in the electorate), Rusyns (2.5% in population, 1.7% in the electorate), Croats (1.1% in population, 1.0% in the electorate), Serbs (2.2% in population, 1.4% in the electorate), and others (2.2% in population, 1.4% in the electorate).<br /> Officially, Hungarian electoral laws haven't contained any legal discrimination based on nationality or language. The high census wasn't uncommon in other European countries in the 1860s but later the countries of Western-Europe gradually lowered and at last abolished their censi. That never happened in the Kingdom of Hungary, although electoral reform was one of the main topic of political debates in the last decades before WW1.<br /> <span name="Names" id="Names"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.genealogy.ro/cont/sigla-noua.jpg" alt="Magyarization" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Names</b><br /> As a result of the Magyarization policy<br /> People moved chiefly for economic reasons (labour migration) and, until 1914, 25% of the emigrants returned (this process was stopped by World War I). The majority of the emigrants came from the most indigent social groups, especially from the agrarian sector. Almost 530,000 people left the country between 1905 and 1907, which shows a direct connection between the U.S.'s trade fluctuation and Hungary's developing stages (the living standard of the peasantry, decline of agrarian movements, and even the <span href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</span> plague).<br /> <span name="Jews" id="Jews"></span><br /> <b> Emigration</b><br /> The Jewish population of the <span href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</span> may have been the only minority to actively embrace Magyarization, because it saw it as an opportunity for <span href="/wiki/Assimilation_%28sociology%29" title="Assimilation (sociology)">assimilation</span> without conceding their religion. Stephen Roth writes, "Hungarian Jews were opposed to <span href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</span> because they hoped that somehow they could achieve equality with other Hungarian citizens, not just in law but in fact, and that they could be integrated into the country as Hungarian Israelites. The word 'Israelite' (<span href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</span>: <span lang="hu" xml:lang="hu"><i>Izraelita</i></span>) denoted only religious affiliation and was free from the ethnic or national connotations usually attached to the term 'Jew', which could therefore be regarded as a derogatory. Hungarian Jews attained remarkable achievements in business, culture and less frequently even in politics. But even the most successful Jews were not fully accepted by the majority of the Magyars as one of their kind — as the events following the <span href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</span> invasion of the country in <span href="/wiki/WW_II" title="WW II">WW II</span> so tragically demonstrated." <br /> <span name="Magyarization_in_Upper_Hungary" id="Magyarization_in_Upper_Hungary"></span><br /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/320px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg" alt="Magyarization" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Jews</b><br /> As a result of the forced Magyarization policy in the <span href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</span>, the Slovaks were a culturally, politically, etc. decimated nation. Although the share of Slovaks within the electorate (10,4%) largely reflected their weight in the total population of Hungary proper (10,7%) Slovaks had extremely marginal representation in the parliament (0 or 1 deputy out of 420 MPs). Although at the time of the <span href="/wiki/Ausgleich" title="Ausgleich">Ausgleich</span> there were more than one thousand Slovak elementary schools, their number was gradually reduced to 322 until 1918. Slovaks had no institutions, offices, judges, they were often prevented from voting<br /> <span name="Notable_dates" id="Notable_dates"></span><br /> <b> Magyarization in Upper Hungary</b><br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> 1844 - Hungarian is gradually introduced for all civil records (kept at local parishes until 1895). German became an official language again after the 1848 revolution, but the laws reverted in 1881 yet again. From 1836 to 1881, 14,000 families had their name Magyarized in the area of Banat alone.<br /> 1898 - Simon Telkes publishes the book "How to Magyarize family names".<br /> 1897 - The Bánffy law of the villages is ratified. According to this law, all officially used village names in the Hungarian Kingdom had to be in Hungarian language.<br /> 1907 - The Apponyi educational law made Hungarian a compulsory subject in all schools in the Kingdom of Hungary. This also extended to confessional and communal schools, which had the right to provide instruction in a minority language as well. "All pupils regardless of their native language must be able to express their thoughts in Hungarian both in spoken and in written form at the end of fourth grade [~ at the age of 10 or 11]" <b> See also</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-51607217880938398552007-12-04T07:13:00.001-08:002007-12-04T07:13:27.706-08:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Hills District</b> is a general, but unofficial, term for the north-western suburbs of <span href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</span>, in the state of <span href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</span>, <span href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</span>. The Hills District is also referred to as <i>The Hills</i>. These suburbs are generally located within the <span href="/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_in_Australia" title="Local Government Areas in Australia">local government area</span> of <span href="/wiki/Baulkham_Hills_Shire" title="Baulkham Hills Shire">Baulkham Hills Shire</span> but parts of the <span href="/wiki/City_of_Parramatta" title="City of Parramatta">City of Parramatta</span>. <span href="/wiki/City_of_Blacktown" title="City of Blacktown">City of Blacktown</span> and <span href="/wiki/Hornsby_Shire" title="Hornsby Shire">Hornsby Shire</span> are also included in the area that is given the appellation "Hills District".<br /> It is so called for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography, and the fact that several of its suburbs have the word 'Hills' in their names, such as <span href="/wiki/Pennant_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Pennant Hills, New South Wales">Pennant Hills</span>, <span href="/wiki/Castle_Hill%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Castle Hill, New South Wales">Castle Hill</span>, <span href="/wiki/West_Pennant_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="West Pennant Hills, New South Wales">West Pennant Hills</span> and <span href="/wiki/Baulkham_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Baulkham Hills, New South Wales">Baulkham Hills</span>.<br /> The Hills District is characterised by its relatively affluent households, usually families, living in low-density housing. It is the most rapidly growing region of Sydney.<br /> The regional designation is a largely artificial construct and actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in "the Hills" can be somewhat amorphous and varies according to who is doing the listing. For example the Hills District Historical Society restricts its remit to the Baulkham Hills Shire local government area. However notwithstanding this, suburbs or parts of suburbs that appear in all or some published listings of the "Hills District" such as Yellow Pages, local newspapers and businesses include: <span href="/wiki/Baulkham_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Baulkham Hills, New South Wales">Baulkham Hills</span>, <span href="/wiki/Beaumont_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Beaumont Hills, New South Wales">Beaumont Hills</span>, <span href="/wiki/Bella_Vista%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Bella Vista, New South Wales">Bella Vista</span>, <span href="/wiki/Carlingford%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Carlingford, New South Wales">Carlingford</span>, <span href="/wiki/Castle_Hill%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Castle Hill, New South Wales">Castle Hill</span>, <span href="/wiki/Cheltenham%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Cheltenham, New South Wales">Cheltenham</span>, <span href="/wiki/Cherrybrook%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Cherrybrook, New South Wales">Cherrybrook</span>, <span href="/wiki/Dural%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Dural, New South Wales">Dural</span>, <span href="/wiki/Epping%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Epping, New South Wales">Epping</span> <span href="/wiki/Galston%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Galston, New South Wales">Galston</span>, <span href="/wiki/Glenhaven%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Glenhaven, New South Wales">Glenhaven</span>, <span href="/wiki/Glenorie%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Glenorie, New South Wales">Glenorie</span>, <span href="/wiki/Glenwood" title="Glenwood">Glenwood</span>, <span href="/wiki/Kellyville" title="Kellyville">Kellyville</span>, <span href="/wiki/Kellyville_Ridge" title="Kellyville Ridge">Kellyville Ridge</span>, <span href="/wiki/Kenthurst%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Kenthurst, New South Wales">Kenthurst</span>,<span href="/wiki/Kings_Langley%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Kings Langley, New South Wales">Kings Langley</span>, <span href="/wiki/North_Rocks%2C_New_South_Wales" title="North Rocks, New South Wales">North Rocks</span>, <span href="/wiki/Pennant_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Pennant Hills, New South Wales">Pennant Hills</span>, <span href="/wiki/Round_Corner%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Round Corner, New South Wales">Round Corner</span>, <span href="/wiki/Rouse_Hill%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Rouse Hill, New South Wales">Rouse Hill</span>, <span href="/wiki/Thompsons_Corner%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Thompsons Corner, New South Wales">Thompsons Corner</span>, <span href="/wiki/Seven_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Seven Hills, New South Wales">Seven Hills</span>, <span href="/wiki/West_Pennant_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="West Pennant Hills, New South Wales">West Pennant Hills</span> and <span href="/wiki/Winston_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Winston Hills, New South Wales">Winston Hills</span>. <span href="http://www.hillsweb.com.au/suburb_descriptions/index.asp" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hillsweb.com.au/suburb_descriptions/index.asp" rel="nofollow">[1]</span><br /> It should be noted that the Local Government Authority that comprises "the heart" of the notional region is a member of <span href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sydney_Region_Organisation_of_Councils&action=edit" class="new" title="Western Sydney Region Organisation of Councils">WSROC</span> a grouping which characterises itself as "Greater Western Sydney" region.<br /> Land grants in the district were made shortly after settlement began, however much of the district owes its development to the construction of the <span href="/wiki/Northern_railway_line%2C_Sydney" title="Northern railway line, Sydney">railway line</span> between <span href="/wiki/Strathfield_railway_station%2C_Sydney" title="Strathfield railway station, Sydney">Strathfield</span> and <span href="/wiki/Hornsby_railway_station%2C_Sydney" title="Hornsby railway station, Sydney">Hornsby</span>, which wasn't declared open until <span href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">17th September</span> <span href="/wiki/1886" title="1886">1886</span>, some 15 years before <span href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</span>, and almost a century after land grants were first made in the area. <span href="http://www.hillsweb.com.au/suburb_descriptions/index.asp" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hillsweb.com.au/suburb_descriptions/index.asp" rel="nofollow">[2]</span><br /> At present, the district boasts Sydney's largest cinema complex, spanning both the Castle Hill Piazza and Castle Towers.<span href="http://www.hillsweb.com.au/hills_news_articles/hills_district.asp" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hillsweb.com.au/hills_news_articles/hills_district.asp" rel="nofollow">[3]</span><br /> <span name="Population" id="Population"></span><br /> <b> Geography</b><br /> The area is notable for the fact that it has the highest rate of religious service attendance in Australia . Many religious denominations and belief systems are represented throughout the district, including, notably, the <span href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormon</span>'s <span href="/wiki/Sydney_Australia_Temple" title="Sydney Australia Temple">Sydney Australia Temple</span> in <span href="/wiki/Carlingford%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Carlingford, New South Wales">Carlingford</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Hillsong_Church" title="Hillsong Church">Hillsong Church</span> situated in <span href="/wiki/Norwest_Business_Park" title="Norwest Business Park">Norwest Business Park</span>. As with other urban regional areas in Australia there are numerous other places of worship catering to a wide range of belief systems including Anglican, Baptist, Buddhist, Hindu, Uniting, Chinese Christian, Islamic, Spiritualist, Roman Catholic and Sikh.<br /> <span name="Stereotype_In_Popular_Culture" id="Stereotype_In_Popular_Culture"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.rent-a-home.com.au/property/images/5963_2.jpg" alt="Hills District (Sydney)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Religion</b><br /> Observations and figures provided regarding housing and financial well-being, age distribution in the population, and religious attendance have led to a stereotype of the residents of the Hills District as docile, elderly, upper-middle class conservatives. <br /> <span name="Public_Transport_Network" id="Public_Transport_Network"></span><br /> <img src="http://mycareer.com.au/branding/ExpectaStar/expectastar200.gif" alt="Hills District (Sydney)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Stereotype In Popular Culture</b><br /> The Hills District boasts both State Transit services and a number of private services.<br /> The train network spans five CityRail network train stations, encompassing sections of the <span href="/wiki/Northern_railway_line%2C_Sydney" title="Northern railway line, Sydney">Northern Line</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Carlingford_railway_line%2C_Sydney" title="Carlingford railway line, Sydney">Carlingford Line</span>, and the <span href="/wiki/Newcastle_and_Central_Coast_railway_line%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle and Central Coast railway line, New South Wales">Newcastle & Central Coast Line</span>, including the western terminus of the <span href="/wiki/Epping_to_Chatswood_railway_line%2C_Sydney" title="Epping to Chatswood railway line, Sydney">Epping to Chatswood line</span>.<br /> An extensive list of bus services operate in the district, including <span href="http://www.westbus.com.au/" class="external text" title="http://www.westbus.com.au/" rel="nofollow">Westbus</span>, <span href="http://www.hillsbus.com.au/" class="external text" title="http://www.hillsbus.com.au/" rel="nofollow">HillsBus</span>, Harris Park Bus, <span href="http://www.sydneyhillsaustralia.com/directory_details.asp?ID=2367" class="external text" title="http://www.sydneyhillsaustralia.com/directory_details.asp?ID=2367" rel="nofollow">CityBus Direct</span>, <span href="http://www.busways.com.au/" class="external text" title="http://www.busways.com.au/" rel="nofollow">Busways</span>, <span href="/wiki/Glenorie_Bus_Company" title="Glenorie Bus Company">Glenorie Bus Company</span>, and <span href="http://www.sydneybuses.info/" class="external text" title="http://www.sydneybuses.info/" rel="nofollow">Sydney Buses</span>.<br /> <span name="Education" id="Education"></span><br /> <b> Public Transport Network</b><br /> The district is home to 53 primary schools, 24 secondary schools, one TAFE college and numerous pre-schools and kindergartens, including both public and private systems, and selective schools. <span href="http://www.hillsweb.com.au/hills_news_articles/hills_district.asp" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hillsweb.com.au/hills_news_articles/hills_district.asp" rel="nofollow">[4]</span><br /> <span name="Pubs_and_Clubs" id="Pubs_and_Clubs"></span><br /> <b> Education</b><br /> The area hosts a large number of licensed premises where residents and visitors can obtain alcoholic refreshments, food service, gaming and other entertainment facilities. Notable among such venues are <i>The Mean Fiddler</i> in Rouse Hill and <i>The Bull and Bush</i> in Baulkham Hills, both of which are heritage listed properties.<br /> <span name="Sport" id="Sport"></span><br /> <b> Sport</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-25516569959669893472007-12-03T09:22:00.001-08:002007-12-03T09:22:29.182-08:00<img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/bd/300px-ArizonaSenate.jpg" alt="Arizona Legislature" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> The <b>Arizona Legislature</b> is the <span href="/wiki/State_legislature_%28United_States%29" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</span> of the <span href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</span> of <span href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</span>. It is a <span href="/wiki/Bicameral" title="Bicameral">bicameral</span> legislature that consists of a <span href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Arizona_House_of_Representatives" title="Arizona House of Representatives">House of Representatives</span>, and an <span href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Senate</span>. There are 60 Representatives and 30 Senators. The state legislature meets in the <span href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol" title="Arizona State Capitol">Capitol Complex</span> in the state capital, <span href="/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</span>.<br /> <span name="Districting" id="Districting"></span><br /> <b> Term limits</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol" title="Arizona State Capitol">Arizona State Capitol</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Arizona_House_of_Representatives" title="Arizona House of Representatives">Arizona House of Representatives</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Arizona Senate</span> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-3269921462191415532007-12-02T08:59:00.000-08:002007-12-02T09:00:02.403-08:00<img src="http://www.raywhite.com/objects/raywhite/agents/chermside.qld,1139810611.jpg" alt="Chermside, Queensland" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Chermside</b> is a suburb on the north side of <span href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</span>, <span href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</span>, <span href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</span>. Chermside is a key destination along <span href="/wiki/Queensland_Transport" title="Queensland Transport">Queensland Transport</span>'s future <span href="/wiki/Northern_Busway%2C_Brisbane" title="Northern Busway, Brisbane">Northern Busway</span>. Chermside is home to Brisbane's largest <span href="/wiki/Westfield_Chermside" title="Westfield Chermside">Westfield</span> shopping centre which now contains a 3 story <span href="/wiki/Myer" title="Myer">Myer</span> and a 16 screen cinema complex.<br /> Together with <span href="/wiki/Indooroopilly%2C_Queensland" title="Indooroopilly, Queensland">Indooroopilly</span>, in the west; <span href="/wiki/Carindale%2C_Queensland" title="Carindale, Queensland">Carindale</span>, in the southeast; and <span href="/wiki/Mount_Gravatt%2C_Queensland" title="Mount Gravatt, Queensland">Mount Gravatt</span>, on the south side; the suburb has been described as a mini-<span href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">CBD</span>.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-17304054521904948692007-12-01T07:31:00.001-08:002007-12-01T07:31:26.996-08:00<img src="http://www.rospravo.com/off-line/about/lawyers/stepanov/stepanov.jpg" alt="Alexander Stepanov" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <br /> <dl><br /> <dd><i>This article is about the key person behind the <span href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</span> <span href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">Standard Template Library</span>. For other notable people named Stepanov, see <span href="/wiki/Stepanov" title="Stepanov">Stepanov</span> (disambiguation).</i><br /> <b>Alexander Stepanov</b> (born <span href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</span>, <span href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</span> in <span href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</span>) is the key person behind the <span href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</span> <span href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">Standard Template Library</span>, which he started to develop around 1993 while employed at <span href="/wiki/HP_Labs" title="HP Labs">HP Labs</span>. He had earlier been working for <span href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</span> close to <span href="/wiki/Andrew_Koenig_%28programmer%29" title="Andrew Koenig (programmer)">Andrew Koenig</span> and tried to convince <span href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</span> to introduce something like <span href="/wiki/Ada_%28programming_language%29" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</span> Generics in C++. He is currently employed by <span href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</span>. Stepanov is the father of eight grown children and is a grandfather to four.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-47672373133866004062007-11-30T08:11:00.001-08:002007-11-30T08:11:13.128-08:00<img src="http://msspnexus.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/05/21/numbers.jpg" alt="Organizational performance" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Organizational performance</b> comprises the actual output or results of an <span href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</span> as measured against its intended outputs (or <span href="/wiki/Objective_%28goal%29" title="Objective (goal)">goals</span> and <span href="/wiki/Objectives" title="Objectives">objectives</span>).<br /> Specialists in many fields are concerned with organizational performance including strategic planners, operations, finance, legal, and <span href="/wiki/Organizational_development" title="Organizational development">organizational development</span>.<br /> In recent years, many organizations have attempted to manage organizational performance using the <span href="/wiki/Balanced_scorecard" title="Balanced scorecard">balanced scorecard</span> methodology where performance is tracked and measured in multiple dimensions such as:<br /> - financial performance (e.g. shareholder return) - customer service - social responsibility (e.g. corporate citizenship, community outreach) - employee <span href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</span><br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-87338930195650348232007-11-29T09:11:00.001-08:002007-11-29T09:11:15.217-08:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Gainesville</b> is the largest <span href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</span> and <span href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</span> of <span href="/wiki/Alachua_County%2C_Florida" title="Alachua County, Florida">Alachua County</span>, <span href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</span>.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <b> History</b><br /> Gainesville is located at 29°39'55" North, 82°20'10" West (29.665245, -82.336097),which is roughly the same latitude as <span href="/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</span>. According to the <span href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</span>, the city has a total area of <span style="white-space:nowrap">49.1 square miles (127 km²)</span>, of which <span style="white-space:nowrap">48.2 square miles (125 km²)</span> is land and <span style="white-space:nowrap">0.9 square miles (2 km²)</span> is water. The total area is 1.87% water.<br /> Gainesville is one of the southernmost cities in the United States where <span href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</span> trees predominate, and has been recognized every year since 1982 as a "Tree City, USA". There are deciduous trees farther south, but they are not as abundant as they are from Alachua County northward. The city is also an important way station for automobile travelers, as it is located nearly midway between <span href="/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</span> and <span href="/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida" title="Miami, Florida">Miami</span>, five hours from Miami, and five from Atlanta.<br /> The North Florida area in which Gainesville is located is known to natives as the "end of the South." This is most likely due to the fact that south of Alachua County or <span href="/wiki/Marion_County%2C_Florida" title="Marion County, Florida">Marion County</span>, starting somewhere north of Orlando, there are fewer native Floridians (and effectively native Southerners) and the sprawling development that defines South and Central Florida begins. However, it should be noted that due to large levels of migration, much of it related to the <span href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</span>, the western sector of the city holds more in common culturally and visually with Central and Southern Florida, whereas the eastern sector of the city holds more in common culturally and visually with "the South".<br /> <span name="Climate" id="Climate"></span><br /> <b> Climate</b><br /> The destruction of the city's landmark <span href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</span> courthouse in the 1960s, which some considered unnecessary, brought the idea of historic preservation to the attention of the community. The bland county building which replaced the grand courthouse became known to some locals as the "air conditioner." Additional destruction of other historic buildings in the downtown followed as the city tried to modernize, but succeeded in diminishing the city's historic charm. After many years of little progress, revitalization of the city's core has picked up, and many parking lots and underutilized buildings are being replaced with infill development and near-campus housing which blend in with existing historic structures. There is talk of rebuilding a replica of the old courthouse on a parking lot one block from the original location.<br /> Helping in this effort are the number of areas and buildings which have been added to the <span href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</span>. Dozens of examples of restored Victorian and <span href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_Style_architecture" title="Queen Anne Style architecture">Queen Anne style</span> residences constructed in the city's agricultural heyday of the 1880s and 1890s can be found in the following districts:<br /> Historic structures on the Register in and around downtown are:<br /> There are three listings for places on the outskirts of Gainesville:<br /> <span name="Demographics" id="Demographics"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Northeast_Gainesville_Residential_District" title="Northeast Gainesville Residential District">Northeast Gainesville Residential District</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Southeast_Gainesville_Residential_District" title="Southeast Gainesville Residential District">Southeast Gainesville Residential District</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pleasant_Street_Historic_District" title="Pleasant Street Historic District">Pleasant Street Historic District</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bailey_House_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29" title="Bailey House (Gainesville, Florida)">Bailey Plantation House</span> (1854)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Matheson_House_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29" title="Matheson House (Gainesville, Florida)">Matheson Center Home</span> (1867)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Hotel_Thomas" title="Hotel Thomas">Thomas Hotel</span> (1928)<br /> The Old Post Office (now the <span href="/wiki/Hippodrome_State_Theatre" title="Hippodrome State Theatre">Hippodrome State Theatre</span>) (1913)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Masonic_Order_Lodge_No._41_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29" title="Masonic Order Lodge No. 41 (Gainesville, Florida)">Masonic Temple</span> (1913)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Dixie_Hotel_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29" title="Dixie Hotel (Gainesville, Florida)">Seagle Building</span> (1937), thirteen stories, downtown's only "skyscraper."<br /> <span href="/wiki/Baird_Hardware_Company_Warehouse" title="Baird Hardware Company Warehouse">Baird Hardware Company Warehouse</span> (1910)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Cox_Furniture_Store" title="Cox Furniture Store">Cox Furniture Store</span> (1887)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Cox_Furniture_Warehouse" title="Cox Furniture Warehouse">Cox Furniture Warehouse</span> (c. 1890)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Epworth_Hall" title="Epworth Hall">Epworth Hall</span> (1884)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Old_Gainesville_Depot" title="Old Gainesville Depot">Old Gainesville Depot</span> (1850s)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Mary_Phifer_McKenzie_House" title="Mary Phifer McKenzie House">Mary Phifer McKenzie House</span> (1895)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Star_Garage" title="Star Garage">Star Garage</span> (1903)<br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Registered_Historic_Black_Public_Schools_in_Florida" title="List of Registered Historic Black Public Schools in Florida">Liberty Hill Schoolhouse</span> (????)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Boulware_Springs_Water_Works" title="Boulware Springs Water Works">Boulware Springs Water Works</span> (1895)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Haile_Homestead" title="Haile Homestead">Kanapaha</span> (c. 1854-56) <b> Cityscape</b><br /> As of the <span href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</span><br /> <span name="Culture" id="Culture"></span><br /> <b> Demographics</b><br /> Gainesville has a fairly well-known <span href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</span> and <span href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</span> music scene and has spawned a number of bands including <span href="/wiki/Tom_Petty_and_the_Heartbreakers" title="Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers">Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers</span>, <span href="/wiki/Less_Than_Jake" title="Less Than Jake">Less Than Jake</span>, <span href="/wiki/The_Usuals" title="The Usuals">The Usuals</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hot_Water_Music" title="Hot Water Music">Hot Water Music</span> (hence <span href="/wiki/The_Draft_%28band%29" title="The Draft (band)">The Draft</span>), <span href="/wiki/Against_Me%21" title="Against Me!">Against Me!</span>, <span href="/wiki/Sister_Hazel" title="Sister Hazel">Sister Hazel</span>, and <span href="/wiki/For_Squirrels" title="For Squirrels">For Squirrels</span>. It is also the location of the independent label <span href="/wiki/No_Idea_Records" title="No Idea Records">No Idea Records</span> and the annual underground rock festival known as <span href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fest&action=edit" class="new" title="The Fest">The Fest</span>, which is co-operated by No Idea. The <span href="/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop">hip hop</span> scene is just as well known with artists such as <span href="/wiki/Ciara" title="Ciara">Ciara</span>, <span href="/wiki/Lil_Boosie" title="Lil Boosie">Lil Boosie</span>, <span href="/wiki/Young_Jeezy" title="Young Jeezy">Young Jeezy</span>, <span href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</span>, and in her earlier years <span href="/wiki/Lil_Mama" title="Lil Mama">Lil Mama</span>, performing in the area.<br /> Gainesville's reputation as an independent music mecca can be traced back to October 1984 when a local music video station was brought on the air. The station was called TV-69, broadcast on UHF 69 and was owned by Cozzin Communications. The channel drew a lot of local media attention thanks in part to its promotion by famous comedian <span href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</span>, who was part-owner of that station when it started. TV-69 featured many videos by punk and indy-label bands and even had several locally produced videos ("Clone Love" by a local parody band, and a <span href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Jr" title="Dinosaur Jr">Dinosaur Jr</span> song).<br /> Cultural facilities include the <span href="/wiki/Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Florida Museum of Natural History">Florida Museum of Natural History</span>, <span href="/wiki/Harn_Museum_of_Art" title="Harn Museum of Art">Harn Museum of Art</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Hippodrome_State_Theatre" title="Hippodrome State Theatre">Hippodrome State Theatre</span>, <span href="/wiki/Curtis_M._Phillips_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Curtis M. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts">Curtis M. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts</span>, and <span href="/wiki/The_Civic_Media_Center" title="The Civic Media Center">The Civic Media Center</span>. Smaller theaters include the Acrosstown Repertory Theatre (ART) and the Gainesville Community Playhouse (GCP). GCP is the oldest community theatre group in Florida, and last year christened a new theatre building.<br /> Numerous guides such as the 2004 book <i>Cities Ranked and Rated: More than 400 Metropolitan Areas Evaluated in the U.S. and Canada</i> have mentioned Gainesville's low cost of living. The restaurants near the <span href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</span> also tend to be inexpensive. The property taxes are high to offset the cost of the university, as the university's land is tax-exempt. However, the median home cost remains slightly below the national average, and Gainesville residents, like all Floridians, do not pay state income taxes.<br /> This city's job market scored only 6 points out of a possible 100 in the <i>Cities Ranked and Rated</i> guide, as the downside to the low cost of living is an extremely weak local job market that is oversupplied with college-educated residents. The <span href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</span>, the Shands Healthcare system (a private-public-university partnership), and the city government are the only major employers for the city. The median income in Gainesville is slightly below the U.S. average.<br /> The east side of Gainesville houses the majority of the African-American community within the city, while the west side consists of the mainly white student and resident population. There are also large-scale planned communities on the far west side, most notably <span href="/wiki/Haile_Plantation%2C_Florida" title="Haile Plantation, Florida">Haile Plantation</span>, which was built on the site of a former plantation.<br /> Gainesville is informally called "Hogtown" by many current and former residents, after <span href="/w/index.php?title=Hogtown_Creek&action=edit" class="new" title="Hogtown Creek">Hogtown Creek</span>, which runs through the city and was the original name of a town nearby, which was eventually incorporated into the growing city. It was the center of the <span href="/wiki/Gainesville_Eight" title="Gainesville Eight">Gainesville Eight</span> case in the <span href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</span>, and is known to some as the <span href="/wiki/Berkeley%2C_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</span> of the South. This nickname was probably afforded to Gainesville because of the presence of a relatively prestigious university, and the liberal tendencies of its voting base. All of the counties surrounding <span href="/wiki/Alachua_County%2C_Florida" title="Alachua County, Florida">Alachua County</span> vote heavily Republican, while Gainesville votes strongly Democratic. In the 2000 election there was a 15% gap in votes in Alachua county between <span href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</span> and <span href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</span>, while <span href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</span> received under 4%. This liberal lean is attributed to the presence of the University in tandem with the presence of a large black community that consistently votes Democratic.<br /> The city is characterized by its medium size, semi-rural location (about 90 minutes driving time away from <span href="/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</span> or <span href="/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</span>), and large public university. Suburban sprawl has, as of late, become a concern for the city commissioners. However, the "New Urbanization" plan to <span href="/wiki/Gentrify" title="Gentrify">gentrify</span> the area between historic Downtown and the University of Florida may slow the growth of suburban sectors and spark a migration toward upper-level apartments in the inner city. The area immediately north of the <span href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</span> is also seeing active redevelopment.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_the_Homeless" title="National Coalition for the Homeless">National Coalition for the Homeless</span> cited Gainesville in 2004 as the 5th meanest city for their criminalization of homelessness.<br /> <span name="Education" id="Education"></span><br /> <b> Culture</b><br /> All of the Gainesville urban area is served by the <span href="/wiki/Alachua_County_School_District" title="Alachua County School District">School Board of Alachua County</span>, which has some 75 different institutions in the county, most of which are in the Gainesville area. Gainesville is also home to the <span href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</span> and <span href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Community_College_%28Florida%29" title="Santa Fe Community College (Florida)">Santa Fe Community College</span>. The University of Florida is a major financial boost to the community, and hundreds of thousands of dollars in additional revenues are created by the athletic events that occur at UF, including SEC football games.<br /> Other educational institutions include Saint Leo University, City College/Gainesville Campus, P.K. Yonge Developmental Research School, <span href="/wiki/Gainesville_High_School%2C_Florida" title="Gainesville High School, Florida">Gainesville High School</span>, <span href="/wiki/Eastside_High_School_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29" title="Eastside High School (Gainesville, Florida)">Eastside High School</span>, <span href="/wiki/Buchholz_High_School" title="Buchholz High School">Buchholz High School</span>, <span href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_High_School" title="Santa Fe High School">Santa Fe High School</span> and <span href="/wiki/St._Francis_High_School_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29" title="St. Francis High School (Gainesville, Florida)">Saint Francis Catholic High School</span>.<br /> The Alachua County Library District provides public library service to a county-wide population of approximately 190,655. The Library District has reciprocal borrowing agreements with the surrounding counties of Baker, Bradford, Clay, Columbia, Dixie, Gilchrist, Lafayette, Levy, Marion, Putnam and Union. These agreements are designed to facilitate access to the most conveniently located library facility regardless of an individual's county of residence.<br /> <span name="Transportation" id="Transportation"></span><br /> <b> Education</b><br /> Gainesville has an extensive road system, which is served by <span href="/wiki/Interstate_75" title="Interstate 75">Interstate 75</span>, and several <span href="/wiki/State_Roads_in_Florida" title="State Roads in Florida">Florida State Routes</span>, including State routes <span href="/wiki/State_Road_20_%28Florida%29" title="State Road 20 (Florida)">20</span>, <span href="/wiki/State_Road_24_%28Florida%29" title="State Road 24 (Florida)">24</span>, and <span href="/wiki/State_Road_26_%28Florida%29" title="State Road 26 (Florida)">26</span>, among others. Gainesville is also served by <span href="/wiki/U.S._Route_441" title="U.S. Route 441">US 441</span> and nearby <span href="/wiki/U.S._Route_301" title="U.S. Route 301">US 301</span>, which gives a direct route to Jacksonville, <span href="/wiki/Ocala%2C_Florida" title="Ocala, Florida">Ocala</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</span>. The primary intersection in the city is the intersection of 13th Street (US 441), the main north-south route, and University Avenue (SR 26) the main east-west route. This intersection is at the northeast corner of the University of Florida campus and thirteen blocks west of the center of downtown, where Main Street intersects University Avenue.<br /> The city's streets are set up on a grid system with four quadrants (NW, NE, SW and SE). All streets are numbered, except for a few major thoroughfares which are often named for the towns to which they lead (such as <span href="/wiki/Waldo%2C_Florida" title="Waldo, Florida">Waldo</span> Road (SR 24), <span href="/wiki/Hawthorne%2C_Florida" title="Hawthorne, Florida">Hawthorne</span> Road (SR 20), <span href="/wiki/Williston%2C_Florida" title="Williston, Florida">Williston</span> Road (<span href="/wiki/State_Road_121_%28Florida%29" title="State Road 121 (Florida)">SR 121</span>), <span href="/wiki/Archer%2C_Florida" title="Archer, Florida">Archer</span> Road (also SR 24) and <span href="/wiki/Newberry%2C_Florida" title="Newberry, Florida">Newberry</span> Road (SR 26). Residents sometimes use the acronym APRiL to remember the orientation of the streets on the grid: all streets with the suffix Avenue, Place, Road, or Lane run east-west. Any other suffix denotes a street that runs north-south.<br /> Daily <span href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</span> service to and from Waldo, <span style="white-space:nowrap">12 miles (19 km)</span> NE of the city, has been replaced with Amtrak shuttle buses which re-connect with the rail system further south. Full Amtrak service is available at <span href="/wiki/Palatka%2C_Florida" title="Palatka, Florida">Palatka</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">32 miles (51 km)</span> to the east.<br /> In addition to its extensive road network, Gainesville is also served by Gainesville Regional Transit System, or RTS, which is the fourth largest mass transit system in the state. The area is also served by <span href="/wiki/Gainesville_Regional_Airport" title="Gainesville Regional Airport">Gainesville Regional Airport</span> in the northeast part of the city, with daily service to Miami, Tampa, Atlanta, and <span href="/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</span>.<br /> <span name="Media" id="Media"></span><br /> <b> Transportation</b><br /> Gainesville is served by the following Newspapers:<br /> <span name="Points_of_interest" id="Points_of_interest"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/The_Gainesville_Sun" title="The Gainesville Sun">The Gainesville Sun</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/The_Independent_Florida_Alligator" title="The Independent Florida Alligator">The Independent Florida Alligator</span> <img src="http://www.northfloridacommunications.com/_borders/NFC%2520Logo%2520w%2520Wrap%2520Transparent-Web.jpg" alt="Gainesville, Florida" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Media</b><br /> <span name="Notable_residents" id="Notable_residents"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Florida Museum of Natural History">Florida Museum of Natural History</span> (including the Butterfly Rainforest exhibit)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Harn_Museum_of_Art" title="Harn Museum of Art">Harn Museum of Art</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Hippodrome_State_Theatre" title="Hippodrome State Theatre">Hippodrome State Theatre</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kanapaha_Botanical_Gardens" title="Kanapaha Botanical Gardens">Kanapaha Botanical Gardens</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Millhopper_Geological_State_Park" title="Devil's Millhopper Geological State Park">The Devil's Millhopper</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Payne%27s_Prairie" title="Payne's Prairie">Payne's Prairie</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Civic_Media_Center" title="Civic Media Center">Civic Media Center</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/San_Felasco_Hammock_Preserve_State_Park" title="San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park">San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lake_Alice_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29" title="Lake Alice (Gainesville, Florida)">Lake Alice</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ben_Hill_Griffin_Stadium_at_Florida_Field" title="Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field">Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Stephen_C._O%27Connell_Center" title="Stephen C. O'Connell Center">Stephen C. O'Connell Center</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Newnan%27s_Lake" title="Newnan's Lake">Newnan's Lake</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ligature_Design_Symposium" title="Ligature Design Symposium">Ligature Design Symposium</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Gainesville_Raceway&action=edit" class="new" title="Gainesville Raceway">Gainesville Raceway</span> <b> Points of interest</b><br /> <small>This section has been tagged since <b>July 2007</b>.</small><br /> Celebrities that live or have lived in Gainesville include:<br /> <span name="Individuals" id="Individuals"></span><br /> <b> Notable residents</b><br /> <span name="Musicians" id="Musicians"></span><br /> <b> Individuals</b><br /> <span name="Actors.2FPerformers" id="Actors.2FPerformers"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Aslyn" title="Aslyn">Aslyn</span>, singer/songwriter <b> Musicians</b><br /> <span name="Athletes" id="Athletes"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lisa_Nicole_Carson" title="Lisa Nicole Carson">Lisa Nicole Carson</span>, actress <b> Actors/Performers</b><br /> Chris Leak, NFL Draft pick<br /> <span name="Writers" id="Writers"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Corey_Brewer" title="Corey Brewer">Corey Brewer</span>, NBA Draft pick<br /> <span href="/wiki/Lyubov_Denisova" title="Lyubov Denisova">Lyubov Denisova</span>, Marathon runner<br /> <span href="/wiki/Doug_Dickey" title="Doug Dickey">Doug Dickey</span>, Hall of Fame Football Coach<br /> <span href="/wiki/Ric_Flair" title="Ric Flair">Ric Flair</span>, <span href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</span> personality<br /> <span href="/wiki/Taurean_Green" title="Taurean Green">Taurean Green</span>, NBA Draft pick<br /> <span href="/wiki/Al_Horford" title="Al Horford">Al Horford</span>, NBA Draft pick<br /> <span href="/wiki/Darrell_Jackson" title="Darrell Jackson">Darrell Jackson</span>, football player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Marty_Liquori" title="Marty Liquori">Marty Liquori</span>, Olympic track & field athlete and TV announcer<br /> <span href="/wiki/Roger_Maris" title="Roger Maris">Roger Maris</span>, baseball player (first to break Babe Ruth's home run record)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Andrew_Miller_%28baseball_player%29" title="Andrew Miller (baseball player)">Andrew Miller</span>, baseball player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Heather_Mitts" title="Heather Mitts">Heather Mitts</span>, soccer player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Rodney_Mullen" title="Rodney Mullen">Rodney Mullen</span>, professional skateboarder<br /> <span href="/wiki/Joakim_Noah" title="Joakim Noah">Joakim Noah</span>, NBA Draft pick<br /> <span href="/wiki/Clinton_Portis" title="Clinton Portis">Clinton Portis</span>, football player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Chris_Richard" title="Chris Richard">Chris Richard</span>, NBA Draft pick<br /> <span href="/wiki/Emmitt_Smith" title="Emmitt Smith">Emmitt Smith</span>, professional football player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Steve_Spurrier" title="Steve Spurrier">Steve Spurrier</span>, football player and coach<br /> <span href="/wiki/Abby_Wambach" title="Abby Wambach">Abby Wambach</span>, soccer player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams_%28athlete%29" title="Bernard Williams (athlete)">Bernard Williams</span>, sprinter and Olympic gold medalist<br /> <span href="/wiki/Jack_Youngblood" title="Jack Youngblood">Jack Youngblood</span>, professional football player & NFL Hall of Famer <b> Athletes</b><br /> <span name="Other_Notable_Individuals" id="Other_Notable_Individuals"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kiki_Carter" title="Kiki Carter">Kiki Carter</span>, environmental activist, organizer, musician, writer<br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Connelly" title="Michael Connelly">Michael Connelly</span>, multiple-bestselling thriller/mystery writer<br /> <span href="/wiki/Harry_Crews" title="Harry Crews">Harry Crews</span>, <span href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern Gothic</span> author<br /> <span href="/wiki/Nancy_Yi_Fan" title="Nancy Yi Fan">Nancy Yi Fan</span>, children's book author<br /> <span href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</span>, <span href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</span> author<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom_Meek" title="Tom Meek">Tom Meek</span>, newspaper columnist and writer <b> Other Notable Individuals</b><br /> Other celebrity ties to Gainesville include <span href="/wiki/Faye_Dunaway" title="Faye Dunaway">Faye Dunaway</span>, who went to the University of Florida, <span href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gets" title="Malcolm Gets">Malcolm Gets</span>, who grew up there, graduated from the university, and wrote and performed at the Community Playhouse and the Hippodrome, and <span href="/wiki/Bob_Vila" title="Bob Vila">Bob Vila</span>, who graduated from the College of Journalism and Communications. <span href="/wiki/Renee_Richards" title="Renee Richards">Renee Richards</span> lived in Gainesville for a time.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Against_Me%21" title="Against Me!">Against Me!</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Aleka%27s_Attic" title="Aleka's Attic">Aleka's Attic</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/As_Friends_Rust" title="As Friends Rust">As Friends Rust</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/The_Draft_%28band%29" title="The Draft (band)">The Draft</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Holopaw" title="Holopaw">Holopaw</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Hot_Water_Music" title="Hot Water Music">Hot Water Music</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Less_than_Jake" title="Less than Jake">Less than Jake</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mudcrutch" title="Mudcrutch">Mudcrutch</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rehasher" title="Rehasher">Rehasher</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sister_Hazel" title="Sister Hazel">Sister Hazel</span> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-56559253719698073042007-11-28T09:25:00.001-08:002007-11-28T09:25:29.498-08:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Lillian Diana Gish</b> (<span href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</span>, <span href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</span> – <span href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</span>, <span href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</span>), was an <span href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</span>-nominated <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</span> <span href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actress</span><i>.</i> The <span href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</span> named Gish 17th among the <span href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Stars" title="AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars">greatest female stars of all time</span>.<br /> <span name="Early_life" id="Early_life"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.born-today.com/Today/pix/gish_lillian.jpg" alt="Lillian Gish" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Early life</b><br /> Their first role was in Griffith's short film <i>An Unseen Enemy</i>. Lillian went on to star in many of Griffith's most acclaimed films, among these <i><span href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</span></i> (as Elsie), <i><span href="/wiki/Intolerance_%28film%29" title="Intolerance (film)">Intolerance</span></i>, <i><span href="/wiki/Broken_Blossoms" title="Broken Blossoms">Broken Blossoms</span></i>, <i><span href="/wiki/Way_Down_East" title="Way Down East">Way Down East</span></i>, and <i><span href="/wiki/Orphans_of_the_Storm" title="Orphans of the Storm">Orphans of the Storm</span></i>.<br /> Having appeared in over 25 short films and features in her first two years as a movie actress, Lillian became a major star, becoming known as "The First Lady of the Silent Screen" and appearing in lavish productions, frequently of literary works such as <i><span href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Letter" title="The Scarlet Letter">The Scarlet Letter</span></i> (1926). <span href="/wiki/MGM" title="MGM">MGM</span> released her from her contract in <span href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</span> after the failure of <i><span href="/wiki/The_Wind" title="The Wind">The Wind</span></i>, now recognized by many as among her finest performances and one of the most distinguished works of the late silent period.<br /> She directed one film, <i>Remodeling Her Husband</i> (1920), when D.W. Griffith took his unit on location -- he told Gish that he thought the crew would work harder for a girl. Gish apparently preferred to remain in front of the camera rather than behind it, since she never directed again. She told reporters at the time that directing was a man's job.<br /> With her debut in <span href="/wiki/Talkies" title="Talkies">talkies</span> only moderately successful, she acted on the stage for the most part in the <span href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</span> and early <span href="/wiki/1940s" title="1940s">1940s</span>, appearing with distinction in roles as varied as Ophelia in Guthrie McClintic's landmark 1936 production of <i><span href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</span></i> (with <span href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</span> and <span href="/wiki/Judith_Anderson" title="Judith Anderson">Judith Anderson</span>) and Marguerite in a limited run of <i><span href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_the_Camellias" title="The Lady of the Camellias">La Dame aux Camélias</span></i>. Of the former, she said, with pride, "I played a <i>lewd</i> Ophelia!," contrasting the role with the virginal "ga-ga babies" she had tired of portraying on screen.<br /> Returning to movies, Gish was nominated for the <span href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress</span> in 1946 for <i><span href="/wiki/Duel_in_the_Sun" title="Duel in the Sun">Duel in the Sun</span></i>. She appeared in films from time to time for the rest of her life, notably in <i><span href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Hunter" title="Night of the Hunter">Night of the Hunter</span></i> (1955) and <i><span href="/wiki/A_Wedding" title="A Wedding">A Wedding</span></i> (1978). She was considered for various roles in <i><span href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_%28film%29" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</span></i> ranging from Ellen O'Hara, Scarlett's mother to the red-headed prostitute Belle Watling.<br /> Gish made numerous television appearances from the early 1950s into the late 1980s. Her most acclaimed television work was starring in the original production of <i><span href="/wiki/The_Trip_to_Bountiful" title="The Trip to Bountiful">The Trip to Bountiful</span></i> in 1953. She appeared as <span href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_%28Dagmar_of_Denmark%29" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna</span> in the short-lived 1965 Broadway musical <i><span href="/wiki/Anya_%28musical%29" title="Anya (musical)">Anya</span></i>.<br /> In addition to her latter-day acting appearances, Gish became one of the leading advocates on the lost art of the <span href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</span>, often giving speeches and touring to screenings of classic works. In 1975 she hosted <i>The Silent Years</i>, a <span href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</span> film program of silent films.<br /> Gish received a special <span href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</span> in 1971 "for superlative artistry and for distinguished contribution to the progress of motion pictures." In 1984 she received an <span href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</span> Lifetime Achievement Award, only the second female recipient (<span href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</span> was first in 1977) and only recipient who was a major figure in the silent era. She has a star on the <span href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</span> at 1720 Vine Street.<br /> Her last film role was in <i><span href="/wiki/The_Whales_of_August" title="The Whales of August">The Whales of August</span></i> in <span href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</span> at the age of 93, with <span href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</span>, <span href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</span>, who was dying of cancer, and <span href="/wiki/Ann_Sothern" title="Ann Sothern">Ann Sothern</span>, who earned her only <span href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</span> nomination for her final film performance.<br /> Her final professional appearance was a cameo on the 1988 studio recording of <span href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</span></i> starring <span href="/wiki/Frederica_von_Stade" title="Frederica von Stade">Frederica von Stade</span> and <span href="/wiki/Jerry_Hadley" title="Jerry Hadley">Jerry Hadley</span>, in which she affectingly spoke the few lines of <i>The Old Lady on the Levee</i> in the final scene. The last words of her century-spanning career: "Good night, dear."<br /> Some in the entertainment industry were angry that Gish had not received an Oscar nomination for her role in <i><span href="/wiki/The_Whales_of_August" title="The Whales of August">The Whales of August</span></i>, despite the fact that it was obviously her <span href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">swan song</span>. Gish, herself, was more complacent, remarking that it saved her the trouble of "losing to <span href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</span>" (who did, in fact, win the Oscar for her performance in <i><span href="/wiki/Moonstruck" title="Moonstruck">Moonstruck</span></i>). Ironically enough, Cher's then-boyfriend, Rob Camiletti, confided to a friend before the nominations were announced that, while Cher deserved to win the Oscar, she didn't have a chance of winning because the Academy would inevitably give it to Lillian Gish.<br /> <span name="Private_life" id="Private_life"></span><br /> <b> Career</b><br /> The association between Gish and Griffith was so close that some suspected a romantic connection, an issue never acknowledged by Gish although several of their associates were certain they were at least briefly involved. For the remainder of her life she always referred to him as "Mr. Griffith".<br /> She was involved with <span href="/wiki/Charles_Duell" title="Charles Duell">Charles Duell</span> (a producer) and the drama critic and editor <span href="/wiki/George_Jean_Nathan" title="George Jean Nathan">George Jean Nathan</span>. Gish's association with Duell was something of a tabloid scandal in the 1920s after he sued her and made the details of their relationship public.<br /> During the period of political turmoil in the United States that lasted from the outbreak of <span href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</span> in Europe until the <span href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</span>, she was unable to find work in Hollywood due to being blacklisted for her outspoken <span href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">non-interventionist</span> stance. She was an active member of the <span href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</span>, a controversial anti-intervention organization founded by retired General <span href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Robert E. Wood</span> with aviation pioneer <span href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</span> as its leading spokesman.<span href="http://www.amconmag.com/2004_09_27/review.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.amconmag.com/2004_09_27/review.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</span><br /> She maintained a very close relationship with her sister Dorothy, as well as with <span href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</span> for her entire life. One of her closest friends was actress <span href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</span>. Gish was the godmother of Hayes' son <span href="/wiki/James_MacArthur" title="James MacArthur">James MacArthur</span>.<br /> She was a Republican.<br /> She died in her sleep on <span href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</span>, <span href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</span> as a result of <span href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</span> aged 99. Her estate, which she left to Helen Hayes, who died a month later, was valued at several million dollars, and went to provide prizes for artistic excellence.<br /> The main street in <span href="/wiki/Massillon%2C_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon, Ohio</span> is named after Gish, who had lived there during an early period of her life and fondly referred to it as her hometown throughout her career. She was interred beside her sister Dorothy at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church Columbarium in the undercroft of the church in the heart of <span href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</span>.<br /> <span name="Filmography" id="Filmography"></span><br /> <b> Filmography</b><br /> Autobiographical:<br /> Biographical & Other:<br /> <span name="Documentaries_about_Lillian_Gish" id="Documentaries_about_Lillian_Gish"></span><br /> <i>The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me</i> (with Ann Pinchot) (Prentice-Hall, 1969)<br /> <i>Dorothy and Lillian Gish</i> (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973)<br /> <i>An Actor's Life For Me</i> (with Selma G. Lanes) (Viking Penguin, 1987)<br /> <i>Lillian Gish an Interpretation</i> - Edward Wagenknecht (University of Washington, 1927)<br /> <i>Life and Lillian Gish</i> - Albert Bigelow Paine (Macmillan, 1932)<br /> <i>Star Acting - Gish, Garbo, Davis</i> - Charles Affron (E.P. Dutton, 1977)<br /> <i>A Moment with Miss Gish</i> - <span href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</span> (Santa Teresa Press, 1995)<br /> <i>Lillian Gish A Life on Stage and Screen</i> - Stuart Oderman (McFarland & Company, 2000)<br /> <i>Lillian Gish Her Legend, Her Life</i> - Charles Affron (Scribner, 2001) <b> Books</b><br /> <span name="Timeline" id="Timeline"></span><br /> Gish's life is documented in <span href="/wiki/Terry_Sanders" title="Terry Sanders">Terry Sanders</span>' 1988 documentary <i>Lillian Gish: An Actor's Life for Me</i>.<br /> Actress <span href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</span> produced a documentary on Lillian in the 1980s that has not been released. <b> Documentaries about Lillian Gish</b><br /> <span name="Trivia" id="Trivia"></span><br /> 1893 Born in <span href="/wiki/Springfield%2C_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield, Ohio</span> on October 14<br /> 1912 Appeared in her first film, D.W. Griffith's <i>An Unseen Enemy</i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:1920_census_Gish.jpg" title="Image:1920 census Gish.jpg">1920 US Census</span> in <span href="/wiki/Mamaroneck%2C_New_York" title="Mamaroneck, New York">Mamaroneck, New York</span> as "Lillian Gish"<br /> 1987 <span href="/wiki/The_Whales_of_August" title="The Whales of August">The Whales of August</span> as final film<br /> 1993 Death in <span href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</span> on February 27 <b> Trivia</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Women%27s_Cinema" title="Women's Cinema">Women's Cinema</span> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-86947990684643855062007-11-27T09:10:00.001-08:002007-11-27T09:10:46.147-08:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Ferdinand Foch</b> <span href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">OM</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_British_knights" title="List of honorary British knights">GCB</span> (<span href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</span>, <span href="/wiki/1851" title="1851">1851</span> – <span href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</span>, <span href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</span>) was a <span href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</span> soldier, military theorist, and writer credited with possessing "the most original and subtle mind in the <span href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</span>" in the early <span href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</span>. He served as general in the French Army during <span href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</span> and was made <span href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</span> in its final year, 1918. Shortly after the start of the <span href="/wiki/Spring_Offensive" title="Spring Offensive">Spring Offensive</span>, Germany's final attempt to win the war, Foch was chosen as supreme commander of the <span href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">allied armies</span>, a position that he held until <span href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</span>, <span href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</span>, when he accepted the German Surrender.<br /> He advocated peace terms that would make Germany unable to ever pose a threat to France again. His words after the <span href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</span>, "This is not a peace. It is an armistice for 20 years," would prove prophetic.<br /> <span name="Early_life" id="Early_life"></span><br /> <b> Early life</b><br /> On the outbreak of the war, Foch was in command of XX Corps, part of the <span href="/wiki/French_Second_Army" title="French Second Army">Second Army</span> of General <span href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_%C3%89douard%2C_vicomte_de_Curi%C3%A8res_de_Castelnau" title="Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau">de Castelnau</span>. On <span href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</span> the corps advanced towards the <span href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</span>-<span href="/w/index.php?title=Morhange&action=edit" class="new" title="Morhange">Morhange</span> line, taking heavy casualties in the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</span>. The defeat of <span href="/w/index.php?title=French_XV_Corps&action=edit" class="new" title="French XV Corps">XV Corps</span> to its right forced Foch into retreat. Foch acquitted himself well, covering the withdrawal to <span href="/wiki/Nancy" title="Nancy">Nancy</span> and the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Charmes_Gap&action=edit" class="new" title="Charmes Gap">Charmes Gap</span>, before lauching a counter-attack that prevented the Germans from crossing the <span href="/wiki/Meurthe" title="Meurthe">Meurthe</span>.<br /> He was then selected to command the newly formed <span href="/wiki/French_Ninth_Army" title="French Ninth Army">Ninth Army</span>, which he was to command during the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Battle of the Marne">Battle of the Marne</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</span>. With his Chief of Staff <span href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</span>, Foch managed to do this while the whole French Army was in full retreat. Only a week after taking command of 9th Army, he was forced to fight a series of defensive actions to prevent a German breakthrough. It was then that he spoke the famous words: "Hard pressed on my right. My center is yielding. Impossible to maneuver. Situation excellent. I am attacking." His <span href="/wiki/Counter-attack" title="Counter-attack">counter-attack</span> was an implementation of the theories he had developed during his staff college days, and succeeded in stopping the German advance. Foch received further reinforcements from the <span href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Army" title="French Fifth Army">Fifth Army</span> and, following another attack on his forces, counter-attacked again on the Marne. The Germans dug in before eventually retreating. Foch had been instrumental in stopping the <span href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">great retreat</span> and stabilising the Allied position.<br /> Foch's successes gained him a further promotion, on <span href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</span>, when he was appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief with responsibility for the Northern Army Group. When the Germans attacked on <span href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</span>, they narrowly failed to break through the <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</span> and French lines. They tried again at the end of the month during the <span href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</span>; this time suffering terrible casualties. Foch had again succeeded in co-ordinating a defence and winning against the odds. In October 1914, he was appointed to joint commander in chief with General <span href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joffre</span>. In 1915, he conducted the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artois" title="Battle of Artois">Artois Offensive</span>, and, in 1916, the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</span>. He was strongly criticised for his tactics and the heavy casualties that were suffered by the Allied armies during these battles, and in December 1916 was removed from command, by General Joffre, and sent to command in <span href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</span>; Joffre was himself sacked days later.<br /> Just a few months later, after the failure of General <span href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Nivelle</span>, Foch was recalled and promoted to Chief of the General Staff under General <span href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</span>.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</span>, <span href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</span>, Foch was appointed Allied Supreme Commander with the title of <i><span href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Généralissime</span></i> ("supreme General") with the job of co-ordinating the activities of the Allied armies. Despite being surprised by the German offensive on the <span href="/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames" title="Chemin des Dames">Chemin des Dames</span>, Foch prevented the advance of the <span href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</span> forces during the great <span href="/wiki/Spring_Offensive" title="Spring Offensive">Spring Offensive</span> of 1918 at the <span href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Marne" title="Second Battle of Marne">Second Battle of Marne</span> in July 1918. On <span href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">6 August</span> <span href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</span>, Foch was made <span href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</span>. Along with the British commander Field Marshal <span href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" title="Douglas Haig">Haig</span>, Foch planned the <span href="/wiki/Grand_Offensive" title="Grand Offensive">Grand Offensive</span>, opening on <span href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</span>, <span href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</span>, which led to the defeat of Germany. Foch accepted the <span href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_%28Compi%C3%A8gne%29" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">German surrender</span> in November. On the day of the armistice, he was elected to the <span href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</span>. Ten days later, he was unanimously elected to the <span href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</span>.<br /> <span name="Paris_Peace_Conference" id="Paris_Peace_Conference"></span><br /> <b> Foch and World War I</b><br /> In January 1919, at the <span href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</span> Foch presented a <span href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</span> to the Allied <span href="/wiki/Plenipotentiaries" title="Plenipotentiaries">plenipotentiaries</span> in which he stated:<br /> <i>Henceforward the <span href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</span> ought to be the Western <span href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</span> <span href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontier</span> of the German countries. Henceforward Germany ought to be deprived of all entrance and assembling ground, that is, of all territorial <span href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</span> on the left bank of the river, that is, of all facilities for invading quickly, as in 1914, <span href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</span>, <span href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</span>, for reaching the coast of the <span href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</span> and threatening the United Kingdom, for outflanking the natural defences of France, the Rhine, <span href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</span>, conquering the Northern Provinces and entering the Parisian area.</i><br /> <span name="Post-war_career" id="Post-war_career"></span><br /> <b> Paris Peace Conference</b><br /> Foch was made a <span href="/wiki/List_of_British_Field_Marshals" title="List of British Field Marshals">British Field Marshal</span> in 1919, and, for his advice during the <span href="/wiki/Polish-Bolshevik_War" title="Polish-Bolshevik War">Polish-Bolshevik War</span> of 1920, as well as his pressure on Germany during the <span href="/wiki/Wielkopolska_Uprising_%281918%E2%80%931919%29" title="Wielkopolska Uprising (1918–1919)">Great Poland Uprising</span>, he was awarded with the title of <span href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</span> in 1923.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</span>, <span href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</span> Foch was in <span href="/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</span> to take part in the groundbreaking ceremony for the <span href="/wiki/Liberty_Memorial" title="Liberty Memorial">Liberty Memorial</span> that was being constructed there. Also present that day were Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium, Admiral <span href="/wiki/David_Beatty%2C_1st_Earl_Beatty" title="David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty">David Beatty</span> of Great Britain, General <span href="/wiki/Armando_Diaz" title="Armando Diaz">Armando Diaz</span> of Italy and General <span href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</span> of the United States. One of the main speakers was Vice President <span href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</span> of the United States. In 1935 bas-reliefs of Foch, Jacques, Diaz and Pershing by sculptor <span href="/wiki/Walker_Hancock" title="Walker Hancock">Walker Hancock</span> were added to the memorial.<br /> Foch died on March 20th, 1929, and was interred in <span href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</span>, next to Napoleon and many other famous French soldiers and officers.<br /> A statue of Foch was set up at the <span href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</span> Armistice site when the area was converted into a national memorial. This statue was the one item left undisturbed by the Germans following their defeat of France in June, 1940. Following the signing of France's surrender on June 21, the Germans ravaged the area surrounding the railway car in which both the 1918 and 1940 surrenders had taken place. The statue was left standing, to view nothing but a wasteland.<br /> A <span href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Foch" title="French cruiser Foch">heavy cruiser</span> and an <span href="/wiki/Foch_%28R_99%29" title="Foch (R 99)">aircraft carrier</span> were named in his honour, as well as an early district of <span href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</span>, Poland. The latter was, however, renamed by the <span href="/wiki/Communist" title="Communist">Communist</span> government after <span href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</span>. Nevertheless, one of the major avenues of the town of <span href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</span>, located in then in the <span href="/wiki/Polish_corridor" title="Polish corridor">Polish corridor</span>, holds his name -as sign of gratitude for campaigning for Free Poland. A street in <span href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</span> is named after him, <span href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</span>, one in <span href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</span>, Boulevard Marechal Foch, as are Mariscal Foch in <span href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</span>, <span href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</span>, Rue Foch - a luxury shopping street in downtown <span href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</span>, <span href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</span>, and Marshall Foch Street in the <span href="/wiki/Lakeview%2C_New_Orleans" title="Lakeview, New Orleans">Lakeview</span> neighborhood of <span href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</span>, <span href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</span>.<span href="/wiki/Fochville" title="Fochville">Fochville</span> in <span href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</span> was also named in his honor. A statue of Foch stands near to Victoria Station in London.<br /> <span name="Bibliography" id="Bibliography"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.biologie.de/w/images/b/b4/Ferdinand-Foch.jpg" alt="Ferdinand Foch" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Notes</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Army_Manoeuvres_of_1912" title="Army Manoeuvres of 1912">Army Manoeuvres of 1912</span> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-86991214238672192122007-11-26T08:34:00.001-08:002007-11-26T08:34:13.137-08:00 <b></b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Persecution_of_African_religions" title="Persecution of African religions">African religions</span> · <span href="/wiki/Persecution_of_atheists" title="Persecution of atheists">Atheists</span> <span href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Bahá'ís</span> · <span 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Holocaust</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide" title="Armenian Genocide">Armenian Genocide</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</span> · <span href="/wiki/Black_Legend" title="Black Legend">Black Legend</span> · <span href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</span><br /> <i>Discriminatory</i> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Hate_groups" title="Hate groups">Hate groups</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</span> · <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/National_Party_%28South_Africa%29" title="National Party (South Africa)">South African National Party</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</span> <i>Anti-discriminatory</i> <span href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</span> · <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Civil_rights" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country" title="LGBT rights by country">LGBT rights</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's</span>/<span href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal</span> <span href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" title="Men's rights">Men's</span>/<span href="/wiki/Fathers_rights" title="Fathers rights">Fathers rights</span></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Inclusion_%28disability_rights%29" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</span> · <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic rights</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Equalism" title="Equalism">Equalism</span></span><br /> <i>Discriminatory</i> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Race</span>/<span href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religion</span>/<span href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Sex</span> <span href="/wiki/Segregation" title="Segregation">segregation</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</span> · <span href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</span> · <span href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</span> <i>Anti-discriminatory</i> <span href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</span> · <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Civil_rights" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Desegregation" title="Desegregation">Desegregation</span> · <span href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Integration</span> <i>Counter-discriminatory</i> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation</span> · <span href="/wiki/Reparation_%28legal%29" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</span> · <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Forced busing</span></span><br /> <i>Discriminatory</i> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation" title="Anti-miscegenation">Anti-miscegenation</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Black_codes" title="Black codes">Black codes</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation_in_South_Africa" title="Apartheid legislation in South Africa">Apartheid laws</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</span></span> <i>Anti-discriminatory</i><img src="http://media.salemwebnetwork.com/Preaching/CMS/ImageGallery/Resources/Your%2520World/persecution_image.250w.tn.jpg" alt="Religious persecution" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_anti-discrimination_acts" title="List of anti-discrimination acts">List of anti-discrimination acts</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Colorism" title="Colorism">Colorism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Linguicism" title="Linguicism">Linguicism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Triumphalism" title="Triumphalism">Triumphalism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Adultcentrism" title="Adultcentrism">Adultcentrism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</span> · <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic discrimination</span></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bigotry" title="Bigotry">Bigotry</span> · <span href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</span> · <span href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Intolerance" title="Intolerance">Intolerance</span> · <span href="/wiki/Tolerance" title="Tolerance">Tolerance</span> · <span href="/wiki/Diversity_%28politics%29" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</span> · <span href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</span> · <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</span> ·</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</span> ·</span> <span href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</span> · <span href="/wiki/Racialism" title="Racialism">Racialism</span> · <span href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</span><br /> <b>Religious persecution</b> is systematic mistreatment of an individual or group due to their <span href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious affiliation</span>.<br /> In a <span href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</span>, claims of religious persecution are effectively a demand of the fulfilment of <span href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</span> and <span href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</span>. In a non-secular state, they are laments about the intolerance of the <span href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</span> and the demand for <span href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" title="Religious toleration">Religious toleration</span> or <span href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">disestablishment</span>.<br /> Often it is the alleged <span href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</span> of individuals within a group in the attempt to maintain their religion identity, or the exercise of power by an individual or organization that causes members of a religious group to suffer. Persecution in this case may refer to unwarranted arrest, false imprisonment, beatings, torture, unjustified execution, denial of benefits, and denial of civil rights and liberties and especially other acts of violence, such as <span href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</span>, <span href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</span>.It also may refer to the confiscation or destruction of property, or incitement to hate among other things.<br /> Not only theorists of <span href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</span> (who presume a decline of <span href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</span> in general) would willingly assume that religious persecution is a thing of the past. However, with the rise of <span href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</span> and <span href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">religiously related terrorism</span> this assumption has become even more controversial. Indeed, in many countries of the world today, religious persecution is a <span href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</span> problem.<br /> <span name="Reasons_for_religious_persecution" id="Reasons_for_religious_persecution"></span><br /> <b> Reasons for religious persecution</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</span></i> <b> Persecution for heresy and blasphemy</b><br /> More than 300 Roman Catholics were put to death by English governments between <span href="/wiki/1535" title="1535">1535</span> and <span href="/wiki/1681" title="1681">1681</span> for treason, thus for secular than religious offences. This dramatically worsened the situation of the Catholics in England. English governments continued to fear <span href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</span>;<br /> <span name="Historical_persecution" id="Historical_persecution"></span><br /> <b> Persecution for political reasons</b><br /> Out of <span href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</span> came monotheistic <span href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</span> under <span href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</span>, its prophet. Among the <span href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</span> of the new religion was one that forbade the worship of any other god than its one true God. When <span href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial</span> <span href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</span> extended its reach to their area, various conflicts arose.<br /> Out of <span href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</span> came <span href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</span>, which because it was strictly monotheistic and also encouraged conversion was a much more powerful threat to the established pantheistic order than had been Judaism. The Jewish exemption from the requirement to participate in public cults was lifted and the anti-monotheistic religious persecution of the Christians began under <span href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</span>.<br /> By the eighth century Christianity had attained a clear ascendancy in Europe and neighboring regions and a period of consolidation began marked by the pursuit of heretics and various other forms of monotheistic religious persecution. Christian monotheistic religious persecution perhaps reached its apex with the <span href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</span>.<br /> Meanwhile south and east of the Christian empires yet another monotheist religion had arisen: <span href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</span>. Generally following the Jewish tradition of tolerance towards non-believers provided they maintained the outward habits of believers, Muslims spread across northern <span href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</span>, northern <span href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</span>, and adjoining regions. Those who actively oppose Islam or try to persuade people in their community not to convert to Islam may face persecution or death threats (which may even be carried out). At times, attempts at peaceful persuasion against Islam have led to persecution.<br /> <i>See also: <span href="/wiki/Historical_persecution_by_Christians" title="Historical persecution by Christians">Historical persecution by Christians</span>, <span href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Persecution of Ancient Greek religion">Persecution of Ancient Greek religion</span></i><br /> <span name="Present_Period" id="Present_Period"></span><br /> <b> Historical persecution</b><br /> Since the 18th century there have been many occasions where religious persecution has occurred.<br /> <span name="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.ADs_in_Iran" id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.ADs_in_Iran"></span><br /> <b> Present Period</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Persecution of Bahá'ís</span></i> <b> Bahá'ís in Iran</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</span></i> <b> Judaism</b><br /> It is estimated that over 1.5 million Christians have been killed by the <span href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</span>, the Arab Muslim militia, and even suspected Islamists in northern Sudan since 1984.<br /> <span name="United_States_and_Islam" id="United_States_and_Islam"></span><br /> <b> Christianity</b><br /> Some people believe that both the <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span> and <span href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</span> are involved in religious persecution. The <span href="/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</span> on the <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span> have been suspected by religious figures of happening because of America's relative secularity; though, it should be noted that Al Qaida never once in their public statements used that as a justification for 9/11 or any other attack. The reasons Al Qaida give for their attacks are the presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia, the location of Islam's holy sites, which they consider sacrilege, the occupation of Muslim territory, and American financial support of <span href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</span> churches have been bombed in <span href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</span> and there have been attempted attacks on <span href="/wiki/Churches" title="Churches">churches</span> elsewhere. <span href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</span>, <span href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</span>, <span href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</span> in <span href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</span> etc have been attacked, mainly because these governments are seen by the extremists to be collaborating with foreign non-Islamic powers.<br /> On the other hand, shortly after <span href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</span> there was a sharp increase of <span href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</span> in the United States and the United Kingdom, where Muslims are sometimes attacked in public or even killed <span href="http://holt.house.gov/display2.cfm?id=4037&type=Home" class="external autonumber" title="http://holt.house.gov/display2.cfm?id=4037&type=Home" rel="nofollow">[5]</span>. The 21st century "<span href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</span>" was at one point referred to as a "crusade" until the Muslim understanding of the term was pointed out, and abuses by American soldiers during the <span href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</span> in 2003 (e.g. the <span href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse</span>) made some Muslims felt that they were being persecuted, therefore giving rise to <span href="/wiki/Anti-American" title="Anti-American">anti-American</span> feelings, coordinated attacks by <span href="/wiki/Extremist" title="Extremist">extremist</span> Islamic groups and <span href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</span> in the Middle East.<br /> <span name="United_States_and_Mormonism" id="United_States_and_Mormonism"></span><br /> <b> United States and Islam</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Anti-Mormon" title="Anti-Mormon">anti-Mormon</span></i> <b> United States and Mormonism</b><br /> The government of <span href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</span> in mainland <span href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</span> has banned the spiritual group <span href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</span> and conducted massive crackdown of the group, including using torture and "re-education" camp to force the adherents to abandon Falun Gong. There are reports indicating that the PRC has engaged in <span href="/wiki/Falun_Gong_and_live_organ_harvesting" title="Falun Gong and live organ harvesting">organ harvesting from live Falun Gong adherents</span>, among other <span href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</span> abuses.<br /> <span name="United_States_and_Native_Americans" id="United_States_and_Native_Americans"></span><br /> <b> People's Republic of China</b><br /> Religious persecution and <span href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</span> have been an official part of U.S. governmental policies and law regarding <span href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</span>. For example, traditional <span href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</span> ceremonies such as the <span href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</span> and <span href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</span> were officially outlawed in the late 1800s.<br /> In modern times, charges of religious persecution by the U.S. government against Native Americans continue. These charges have largely centered on the <span href="/wiki/Eagle_feather_law" title="Eagle feather law">eagle feather law</span> which governs the possession of <span href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</span> feathers for religious use, the use of ceremonial <span href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</span>, and the <span href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</span> of Native American human remains and cultrual and religious objects found in museums and <span href="/w/index.php?title=Private_collections&action=edit" class="new" title="Private collections">private collections</span>.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Eagle_feather_law" title="Eagle feather law">eagle feather law</span>, which governs the possession and religious use of eagle feathers, was officially written to protect then dwindling eagle populations while still protecting traditional Native American spiritual and religious customs, of which the use of eagles are central. The eagle feather law later met charges of promoting racial and religious discrimination due to the law's provision authorizing the possession of eagle feathers to members of only one ethnic group, Native Americans, and forbidding Native Americans from including non-Native Americans in indigenous customs involving eagle feathers — a common modern practice dating back to the early 1500s.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</span>, a spineless cactus found in the desert southwest and <span href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</span>, is a commonly used in certain traditions of Native American religion and spirituality, most notably in the <span href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</span>. Prior to the passage of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) in 1978, and as amended in 1994, the religious use of peyote was not afforded legal protection. This resulted in the arrest of many Native Americans and non-Native Americans participating in traditional indigenous religion and spirituality. Many individuals today encounter harassment and persecution by their employers for ingesting <span href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</span> while participating in the Native American Church due to the cactus containing the psychotropic mescaline, a controlled substance.<br /> Native Americans often hold strong personal and spiritual connections to their ancestors and often believe that their remains should rest undisturbed. This has often placed Native Americans at odds with archaeologists who have often dug on Native American burial grounds and other sites considered sacred, often removing artifacts and human remains – an act considered sacrilegious by many Native Americans. For years, Native American communities decried the removal of ancestral human remains and cultural and religious objects, charging such activities as acts of <span href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</span>, religious persecution, and <span href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</span>. Many Native Americans called on the government, museums, and private collectors for the return of remains and sensitive objects for reburial. The <span href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</span> (NAGPRA), which gained passage in 1990, established a means for Native Americans to request the return or "repatriation" of human remains and other sensitive cultural, religious, and funery items held by federal agencies and federally assisted museums and institutions.<br /> <span name="Quotes" id="Quotes"></span><br /> <b> United States and Native Americans</b><br /> <span name="Literature" id="Literature"></span><br /> "I have come from a country where people are hanged if they talk." — <span href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</span><br /> "Religious persecution has come about because others are too afraid to learn about something new..." — <span href="/w/index.php?title=Zachary_Jensen&action=edit" class="new" title="Zachary Jensen">Zachary Jensen</span><br /> "No orthodox church ever had power that it did not endeavor to make people think its way by force and flame. And yet every church that ever was established commenced in the minority, and while it was in the minority advocated free speech -- every one. <span href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</span>, the founder of the <span href="/wiki/Presbyterian" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</span> Church, while he lived in France, wrote a book on religious toleration in order to show that all men had an equal right to think; and yet that man afterward, clothed in a little authority, forgot all his sentiments about religious liberty, and had <span href="/wiki/Miguel_Servet" title="Miguel Servet">poor Serviettes</span> burned at the stake, for differing with him on a question that neither of them knew anything about. In the minority, Calvin advocated toleration -- in the majority, he practiced murder." — <span href="/wiki/Robert_Green_Ingersoll" title="Robert Green Ingersoll">Robert Green Ingersoll</span>. <b> Literature</b><br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-58592957371908446362007-11-25T09:11:00.001-08:002007-11-25T09:11:09.700-08:00<img src="http://www.gearthhacks.com/images/new/080505/346269admin.jpg" alt="List of tallest buildings and structures in the United Kingdom" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Structures taller than 300 metres</b><br /> <span name="Structures_200_to_250_metres_tall" id="Structures_200_to_250_metres_tall"></span><br /> <b> Structures 250 to 300 metres tall</b><br /> <span name="Structures_150_to_200_metres_tall" id="Structures_150_to_200_metres_tall"></span><br /> <b> Structures 150 to 200 metres tall</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Leeds" title="List of tallest buildings in Leeds">List of tallest buildings in Leeds</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Birmingham">List of tallest buildings and structures in Birmingham</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Manchester" title="List of tallest buildings in Manchester">List of tallest buildings in Manchester</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_London" title="List of tallest structures in London">List of tallest structures in London</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Skyscrapers_in_Glasgow" title="Skyscrapers in Glasgow">Skyscrapers in Glasgow</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Category:UK_transmitter_sites" title="Category:UK transmitter sites">Category:UK transmitter sites</span> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-1572005355644061902007-11-24T08:38:00.001-08:002007-11-24T08:38:25.510-08:00 <b></b><br /> The <b>Requiem</b> (from <span href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</span> <i>requiem</i>, accusative case of <i>requies</i>, rest) or Requiem Mass (informally, a funeral Mass), also known formally (in Latin) as the <b>Missa pro defunctis</b> or <b>Missa defunctorum</b>, is a <span href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical service</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</span>, <span href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</span> and <span href="/wiki/High_Church" title="High Church">High Church</span> <span href="/wiki/Anglicans" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</span>, as well as certain <span href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran</span> Churches in the United States. There is also a requiem, with a wholly different ritual form and texts, that is observed in the <span href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</span> and <span href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</span>. The common theme of requiems is prayer for the salvation of the soul(s) of the departed, and it is used both at services immediately preceding a burial, and on occasions of more general remembrance.<br /> "Requiem" is also the title of various musical compositions used in such liturgical services or as concert pieces as settings of the portions of that Mass which have been traditionally sung in the Roman Catholic liturgy.<br /> While the prayers in the regular <span href="/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</span> as the Introit and Gradual change according to the <span href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints" title="Calendar of Saints">Calendar of Saints</span>, the text for the requiem Mass is particularly fixed. Originally such funeral musical compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service, with monophonic chant. Eventually the dramatic character began to appeal to composers to an extent that made the requiem a genre of its own.<br /> <span name="The_Roman_Rite_liturgy" id="The_Roman_Rite_liturgy"></span><br /> <b> The Roman Rite liturgy</b><br /> For many centuries the texts of the requiem were sung to <span href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian</span> melodies. The <span href="/wiki/Requiem_%28Ockeghem%29" title="Requiem (Ockeghem)">Requiem</span> by <span href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</span>, written sometime in the latter half of the 15th century, is the earliest surviving <span href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</span> setting. There was a setting by the elder composer <span href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" title="Guillaume Dufay">Dufay</span>, possibly earlier, which is now lost: Ockeghem's may have been modelled on it. Other composers who wrote Requiems before 1550 include <span href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Escobar" title="Pedro de Escobar">Pedro de Escobar</span>, <span href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</span>, <span href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Morales" title="Cristóbal Morales">Cristóbal Morales</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Pierre_de_La_Rue" title="Pierre de La Rue">Pierre de La Rue</span>; that by La Rue is probably the second oldest, after Ockeghem's.<br /> Over 2,000 requiems have been composed to the present day. Typically the Renaissance settings, especially those not written on the <span href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</span>, may be performed <i><span href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</span></i> (i.e. without necessary accompanying instrumental parts), whereas beginning around 1600 composers more often preferred to use instruments to accompany a choir, and also include vocal soloists. There is great variation between compositions in how much of liturgical text is set to music.<br /> Most composers omit sections of the liturgical prescription, most frequently the Gradual and the Tract. <span href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</span> omits the <i>Dies iræ</i>, while the very same text had often been set by French composers in previous centuries as a stand-alone work.<br /> Sometimes composers divide an item of the liturgical text into two or more movements; because of the length of its text, the <i>Dies iræ</i> is the most frequently divided section of the text (as with Mozart, for instance). The <i>Introit</i> and <i>Kyrie</i>, being immediately adjacent in the actual Roman Catholic liturgy, are often composed as one movement.<br /> Musico-thematic relationships among movements of Requiems can be found as well.<br /> <span name="Added_movements" id="Added_movements"></span><br /> <b> Musical compositions</b><br /> Some settings contain additional texts, such as the devotional motet <i>Pie Jesu</i> (in the settings of <span href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</span>, Fauré, Duruflé, and <span href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Lloyd Webber</span>—Fauré set it as a soprano solo in the center). <i>Libera me</i> (from the Absolution) and <i>In paradisum</i> (from the <span href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</span> service, which in the case of a funeral follows after the Mass) conclude some compositions. Other added movements have been composed as well, such as the English Psalms <i>Out of the Deep</i> and <i>The Lord is My Shepherd</i> included in <span href="/wiki/John_Rutter" title="John Rutter">John Rutter</span>'s setting.<br /> <span name="Libera_me" id="Libera_me"></span><br /> <b> Added movements</b><br /> <br /> <dl><br /> <dd><i>Libera me, Domine, de morte æterna, in die illa tremenda, quando coeli movendi sunt et terra, dum veneris iudicare sæculum per ignem. Tremens factus sum ego et timeo, dum discussio venerit atque ventura ira. Dies illa, dies iræ, calamitatis, et miseriæ, dies magna et amara valde. Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine, et lux perpetua luceat eis.</i><br /> <dl><br /> <dd>("Deliver me, O Lord, from eternal death on that fearful day, when the heavens and the earth are moved, when you will come to judge the world with fire. I am made to tremble and I fear, because of the judgment that will come, and also the coming wrath. That day, day of wrath, calamity, and misery, day of great and exceeding bitterness. Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them.")<br /> <span name="In_paradisum" id="In_paradisum"></span><br /> <b> Libera me</b><br /> <br /> <dl><br /> <dd><i>In paradisum deducant te Angeli; in tuo adventu suscipiant te martyres, et perducant te in civitatem sanctam Ierusalem. Chorus angelorum te suscipiat, et cum Lazaro quondam paupere æternam habeas requiem.</i><br /> <dl><br /> <dd>("May angels lead you into Paradise; may the <span href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</span> receive you at your coming and lead you to the holy city of Jerusalem. May a choir of angels receive you, and with <span href="/wiki/Lazarus" title="Lazarus">Lazarus</span>, who once was poor, may you have eternal rest.")<br /> <span name="Pie_Jesu" id="Pie_Jesu"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/18/images/2007111856471801.jpg" alt="Requiem" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> In paradisum</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Pie_Jesu" title="Pie Jesu">Pie Jesu</span></i> <b> Pie Jesu</b><br /> Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the 19th, many composers wrote what are effectively concert requiems, which by virtue of employing forces too large, or lasting such a considerable duration, prevent them being readily used in an ordinary funeral service; the requiems of <span href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Gossec" title="François-Joseph Gossec">Gossec</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</span>, <span href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</span> are essentially dramatic concert <span href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</span>. A counter-reaction to this tendency came from the Cecilian movement, which recommended restrained accompaniment for liturgical music, and frowned upon the use of operatic vocal soloists.<br /> <span name="Non-Roman_Catholic_requiems" id="Non-Roman_Catholic_requiems"></span><br /> <b> Non-Roman Catholic requiems</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</span></i> <b> Jewish Mourners' Kaddish</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Memorial_service_%28Orthodox%29" title="Memorial service (Orthodox)">Memorial service (Orthodox)</span></i> <b> Eastern Orthodox Requiem</b><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</span> <i><span href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</span></i> contains seven texts which are collectively known as "funeral sentences"; several composers have written settings of these seven texts, which are generally known collectively as a "burial service." Composers who have set the Anglican burial service to music include <span href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</span>, <span href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</span>. The text of these seven sentences, from the <span href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</span> <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, is:<br /> <span name="20th_century_developments"></span><br /> I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die.<br /> I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that he shalt stand at the latter day upon the earth. And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see God: whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall behold, and not another.<br /> We brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the Name of the Lord.<br /> Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live, and is full of misery. He cometh up, and is cut down, like a flower; he fleeth as it were a shadow, and never continueth in one stay.<br /> In the midst of life we are in death: of whom may we seek for succour, but of thee, O Lord, who for our sins art justly displeased? Yet, O Lord God most holy, O Lord most mighty, O holy and most merciful Saviour, deliver us not into the bitter pains of eternal death.<br /> Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts; shut not thy merciful ears to our prayer; but spare us, Lord most holy, O God most mighty, O holy and merciful Saviour, thou most worthy judge eternal, suffer us not, at our last hour, for any pains of death, to fall from thee.<br /> I heard a voice from heaven, saying unto me, Write, From henceforth blessed are the dead which die in the Lord: even so saith the Spirit: for they rest from their labours. <b> Anglican burial service</b><br /> In the 20th century the requiem evolved in several new directions. The genre of war requiems is perhaps the most notable, which comprise of compositions dedicated to the memory of people killed in wartime. These often include extra-liturgical poems of a pacifist or non-liturgical nature; for example, the <i><span href="/wiki/War_Requiem" title="War Requiem">War Requiem</span></i> of <span href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</span> juxtaposes the Latin text with the poetry of <span href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Robert_Steadman" title="Robert Steadman">Robert Steadman</span>'s <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_in_Black&action=edit" class="new" title="Mass in Black">Mass in Black</span></i> intersperses <span href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</span> <span href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</span> and <span href="/wiki/Prophecies" title="Prophecies">prophecies</span> of <span href="/wiki/Nostradamus" title="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</span>. The several <span href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</span> requiems may be regarded as a specific subset of this type. The <i><span href="/wiki/World_Requiem" title="World Requiem">World Requiem</span></i> of <span href="/wiki/John_Foulds" title="John Foulds">John Foulds</span> was written in the aftermath of the <span href="/wiki/First_World_War" title="First World War">First World War</span> and initiated the <span href="/wiki/Royal_British_Legion" title="Royal British Legion">Royal British Legion</span>'s annual festival of remembrance.<br /> Lastly, the 20th century saw the development of secular requiems, written for public performance without specific religious observance (e.g., Kabalevsky's <i>War Requiem,</i> to poems by Robert Rozhdestvensky). <span href="/wiki/Herbert_Howells" title="Herbert Howells">Herbert Howells</span>'s unaccompanied <i>Requiem</i> uses <span href="/wiki/Psalm_23" title="Psalm 23">Psalm 23</span> ("The Lord is my shepherd"), Psalm 121 ("I will lift up mine eyes"), "Salvator mundi" ("O Saviour of the world," in English), "Requiem aeternam" (two different settings), and "I heard a voice from heaven." Some composers have written purely instrumental works bearing the title of <i>requiem</i>, as exemplified by the most famous of these, Britten's <i>Sinfonia da Requiem</i>. <span href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</span>'s <i>Requiem canticles</i> mixes instrumental movements with segments of the "Introit," "Dies irae," "Pie Jesu," and "Libera me."<br /> <span name="Famous_Requiems" id="Famous_Requiems"></span><br /> <b> 20th century developments</b><br /> <i>See also:</i> <span href="/wiki/Category:Requiems" title="Category:Requiems">Requiems</span><br /> Many composers have written Requiems. Some of the most famous include:<br /> <span name="Other_Requiem_composers" id="Other_Requiem_composers"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Requiem_%28Ockeghem%29" title="Requiem (Ockeghem)">Requiem</span></i>, the earliest to survive, written sometime in the mid-to-late 15th century<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Victoria</span>'s Requiem of 1603, (part of a longer <span href="/wiki/Officium_Defunctorum" title="Officium Defunctorum">Office for the Dead</span>)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Requiem_%28Mozart%29" title="Requiem (Mozart)">Requiem in D minor</span></i> (Mozart died before its completion)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</span>' <i><span href="/wiki/Requiem_%28Berlioz%29" title="Requiem (Berlioz)">Grande Messe des Morts</span></i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Requiem_%28Verdi%29" title="Requiem (Verdi)">Requiem</span></i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</span>' <i><span href="/wiki/Ein_deutsches_Requiem" title="Ein deutsches Requiem">Ein deutsches Requiem</span></i>, based on passages from <span href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther's</span> Bible.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Requiem_%28Faur%C3%A9%29" title="Requiem (Fauré)">Requiem in D minor</span></i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Antonin_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonin Dvořák">Dvořák</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Requiem_%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29" title="Requiem (Dvořák)">Requiem, Op. 89</span></i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Britten</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/War_Requiem" title="War Requiem">War Requiem</span></i>, which incorporated poems by <span href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Maurice_Durufl%C3%A9" title="Maurice Duruflé">Duruflé</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Requiem_%28Durufl%C3%A9%29" title="Requiem (Duruflé)">Requiem</span></i>, based almost exclusively on the chants from the Graduale Romanum. <b> Famous Requiems</b><br /> <span name="Renaissance" id="Renaissance"></span><br /> <b> Other Requiem composers</b><br /> <span name="Baroque" id="Baroque"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Anerio" title="Giovanni Francesco Anerio">Giovanni Francesco Anerio</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gianmatteo_Asola" title="Gianmatteo Asola">Gianmatteo Asola</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Giulio_Belli" title="Giulio Belli">Giulio Belli</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardoso" title="Manuel Cardoso">Manuel Cardoso</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Joan_Cererols" title="Joan Cererols">Joan Cererols</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pierre_Certon" title="Pierre Certon">Pierre Certon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Clemens_non_Papa" title="Clemens non Papa">Clemens non Papa</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" title="Guillaume Dufay">Guillaume Dufay</span> (lost)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Escobar" title="Pedro de Escobar">Pedro de Escobar</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_%28composer%29" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Kerle" title="Jacobus de Kerle">Jacobus de Kerle</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Duarte_Lobo" title="Duarte Lobo">Duarte Lobo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jean_Maillard" title="Jean Maillard">Jean Maillard</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jacques_Mauduit" title="Jacques Mauduit">Jacques Mauduit</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Manuel_Mendes" title="Manuel Mendes">Manuel Mendes</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</span> (the earliest to survive)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Johannes_Prioris" title="Johannes Prioris">Johannes Prioris</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jean_Richafort" title="Jean Richafort">Jean Richafort</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Claudin_de_Sermisy" title="Claudin de Sermisy">Claudin de Sermisy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jacobus_Vaet" title="Jacobus Vaet">Jacobus Vaet</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</span> <b> Renaissance</b><br /> <span name="Classical_period" id="Classical_period"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_von_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber">Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Gilles&action=edit" class="new" title="Jean Gilles">Jean Gilles</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</span> (lost)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Jan Dismas Zelenka</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Antonio Lotti</span> (Requiem in F Major) <b> Baroque</b><br /> <span name="Romantic_era" id="Romantic_era"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Florian_Leopold_Gassmann" title="Florian Leopold Gassmann">Florian Leopold Gassmann</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Gossec" title="François-Joseph Gossec">François-Joseph Gossec</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Haydn" title="Michael Haydn">Michael Haydn</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Andrea_Luchesi" title="Andrea Luchesi">Andrea Luchesi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maur%C3%ADcio_Nunes_Garcia" title="José Maurício Nunes Garcia">José Maurício Nunes Garcia</span> <b> Classical period</b><br /> <span name="Post-romantic.2F20th_century" id="Post-romantic.2F20th_century"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Domingos_Bomtempo" title="João Domingos Bomtempo">João Domingos Bomtempo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Franz_von_Supp%C3%A9" title="Franz von Suppé">Franz von Suppé</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Richard_Wetz" title="Richard Wetz">Richard Wetz</span><br /> <i>See also:</i> <span href="/wiki/Messa_per_Rossini" title="Messa per Rossini">Messa per Rossini</span> <b> Romantic era</b><br /> <span name="New_Era.2F21st_century" id="New_Era.2F21st_century"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Malcolm_Archer" title="Malcolm Archer">Malcolm Archer</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Artyomov" title="Vyacheslav Artyomov">Vyacheslav Artyomov</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Osvaldas_Balakauskas" title="Osvaldas Balakauskas">Osvaldas Balakauskas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Alfred_Desenclos" title="Alfred Desenclos">Alfred Desenclos</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ralph_Dunstan" title="Ralph Dunstan">Ralph Dunstan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Maurice_Durufl%C3%A9" title="Maurice Duruflé">Maurice Duruflé</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Herbert_Howells" title="Herbert Howells">Herbert Howells</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Karl_Jenkins" title="Karl Jenkins">Karl Jenkins</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Joonas_Kokkonen" title="Joonas Kokkonen">Joonas Kokkonen</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillus_Kreek&action=edit" class="new" title="Cyrillus Kreek">Cyrillus Kreek</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Frigyes_Hidas" title="Frigyes Hidas">Frigyes Hidas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Frank_Martin_%28composer%29" title="Frank Martin (composer)">Frank Martin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ildebrando_Pizzetti" title="Ildebrando Pizzetti">Ildebrando Pizzetti</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Pook" title="Jocelyn Pook">Jocelyn Pook</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Preisner" title="Zbigniew Preisner">Zbigniew Preisner</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Rutter" title="John Rutter">John Rutter</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Valentin_Silvestrov" title="Valentin Silvestrov">Valentin Silvestrov</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_Steadman" title="Robert Steadman">Robert Steadman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Toru_Takemitsu" title="Toru Takemitsu">Toru Takemitsu</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Erkki-Sven_T%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Erkki-Sven Tüür">Erkki-Sven Tüür</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</span> <b> Post-romantic/20th century</b><br /> <span name="Requiems_by_language_.28other_than_purely_Latin.29" id="Requiems_by_language_.28other_than_purely_Latin.29"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kentaro_Sato" title="Kentaro Sato">Kentaro Sato</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Karl_Jenkins" title="Karl Jenkins">Karl Jenkins</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tyzen_Hsiao" title="Tyzen Hsiao">Tyzen Hsiao</span> <b> New Era/21st century</b><br /> <b>English with Latin</b><br /> <b>German</b><br /> <b>French, English, German with Latin</b><br /> <b>Polish with Latin</b><br /> <b>Russian</b><br /> <b>Taiwanese</b><br /> <span name="Requiem_in_other_arts.2C_popular_culture.2C_and_miscellaneous_musical_manifestations" id="Requiem_in_other_arts.2C_popular_culture.2C_and_miscellaneous_musical_manifestations"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Evgeni_Kostitsyn" title="Evgeni Kostitsyn">Evgeni Kostitsyn</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Herbert_Howells" title="Herbert Howells">Herbert Howells</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Rutter" title="John Rutter">John Rutter</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Edison_Denisov" title="Edison Denisov">Edison Denisov</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Preisner" title="Zbigniew Preisner">Zbigniew Preisner</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</span> - Cantata <i>John of Damascus</i>, Op.1 (Text by Alexey Tolstoy)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Dmitri_Kabalevsky" title="Dmitri Kabalevsky">Dmitri Kabalevsky</span> - <i>War Requiem</i> (Text by Robert Rozhdestvensky)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Elena_Firsova" title="Elena Firsova">Elena Firsova</span> - <i>Requiem</i>, Op.100 (Text by Anna Akhmatova)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tyzen_Hsiao" title="Tyzen Hsiao">Tyzen Hsiao</span> - <i>Ilha Formosa: Requiem for the Formosan Martyrs</i> (Text by Yang-Min Lin), 2001 <b> Requiems by language (other than purely Latin)</b><br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> The Swedish progressive death metal band <span href="/wiki/Opeth" title="Opeth">Opeth</span> has a song named "Requiem" on their 1995 album <i>Orchid</i>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_%28band%29" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</span> has a song named "Requiem" on their album <i><span href="/wiki/Minstrel_in_the_Gallery" title="Minstrel in the Gallery">Minstrel in the Gallery</span></i>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</span> composed a "Requiem" piece for the collaborative piano work <i>Paraphrases</i>, which is a set of pieces based on the theme commonly known as "<span href="/wiki/Chopsticks_%28music%29" title="Chopsticks (music)">Chopsticks</span>".<br /> In a parody of a medieval <span href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">geisslerlied</span>, the monks in the film <i><span href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</span></i> chant the <i>Pie Jesu</i> while striking themselves with <span href="/wiki/Punch_card" title="Punch card">punch card</span> sized wooden boards.<br /> "Requiem of Spirit" was a song in the popular <span href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</span> video game <i><span href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time" title="The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time">The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time</span></i>.<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Dream" title="Requiem for a Dream">Requiem for a Dream</span></i> was a novel written by <span href="/wiki/Hubert_Selby%2C_Jr." title="Hubert Selby, Jr.">Hubert Selby, Jr.</span> and was later adapted into a critically acclaimed film (2000) by <span href="/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky" title="Darren Aronofsky">Darren Aronofsky</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Jesper_Kyd" title="Jesper Kyd">Jesper Kyd</span> is a popular composer who has composed Requiem songs for many videogames, the <span href="/wiki/Hitman_%28computer_game_series%29" title="Hitman (computer game series)"><i>Hitman</i> series</span> being among the most popular.<br /> In 1983 <span href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</span> released an album called <i><span href="/wiki/The_Final_Cut_%28album%29" title="The Final Cut (album)">The Final Cut</span></i>. The album's secondary title was "A Requiem for the Post-War dream".<br /> "Requiem for a Sinner" is the opening track on the 1977 album <i>World Anthem</i> by Canadian hard rock band <span href="/wiki/Frank_Marino" title="Frank Marino">Frank Marino</span> & <span href="/wiki/Mahogany_Rush" title="Mahogany Rush">Mahogany Rush</span>, and most fans consider it to be one of their best songs.<br /> <i>Requiem</i> is the title of the upcoming, debut album from Hip-Hop artist One-Way.<br /> Requiem is the closing section in <span href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</span>'s famous play, <i><span href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman" title="Death of a Salesman">Death of a Salesman</span></i>.<br /> "Requiem for a city", by <span href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</span>, is the second track of the soundtrack to the movie <i><span href="/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_%28film%29" title="The Killing Fields (film)">The Killing Fields</span></i>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Black_Metal" title="Black Metal">Black Metal</span> band <span href="/wiki/Sigh" title="Sigh">Sigh</span> based their album <i>Hangman's Hymn</i> on the Catholic Requiem. The album contains sampled sections of the Requiem.<br /> The group <span href="/wiki/Gregorian_%28band%29" title="Gregorian (band)">Gregorian</span> sang a Requiem (in English/Latin) on their 2004 album <i><span href="/wiki/Gregorian_-_The_Dark_Side" title="Gregorian - The Dark Side">The Dark Side</span></i>.<br /> American musician <span href="/wiki/Jandek" title="Jandek">Jandek</span> released an album called <i><span href="/wiki/White_Box_Requiem" title="White Box Requiem">White Box Requiem</span></i> in 1996.<br /> Requiem is the closing section in <i><span href="/wiki/Elizabeth_%28film%29" title="Elizabeth (film)">Elizabeth</span></i> (1998).<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</span> band <span href="/wiki/Bad_Religion" title="Bad Religion">Bad Religion</span> has a song named "<span href="/w/index.php?title=Requiem_for_Dissent&action=edit" class="new" title="Requiem for Dissent">Requiem for Dissent</span>" on their album <i><span href="/wiki/New_Maps_of_Hell" title="New Maps of Hell">New Maps of Hell</span></i> (2007).<br /> The anime series <i><span href="/wiki/Tengen_Toppa_Gurren_Lagann" title="Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann">Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann</span></i> has a song named "'Libera Me' From Hell" which combines operatic verses from <span href="/wiki/Requiem#Libera_me" title="Requiem">"Libera Me"</span> with rock and rap style music.<br /> The German power metal band Blind Guardian released the song 'Inquisition,' which repeates the Jesu Domine section, in their album Follow the Blind. They also released a song called 'The Script for my Requiem' in the album Immaginations from the Other Side.<br /> The band, <span href="/wiki/I_Am_Ghost" title="I Am Ghost">I Am Ghost</span> released their newest CD in 2006, <span href="/wiki/Lovers%27_Requiem" title="Lovers' Requiem">Lovers' Requiem</span>, which has two songs containing much of these lyrics, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Crossing_The_River_Styx&action=edit" class="new" title="Crossing The River Styx">Crossing The River Styx</span>, and <span href="/w/index.php?title=The_Denouement&action=edit" class="new" title="The Denouement">The Denouement</span>. They are in the <span href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</span>.<br /> There is a "Requiem for Evita" in <span href="/wiki/Evita" title="Evita">Evita</span><br /> Album from Swedish band <span href="/wiki/Bathory" title="Bathory">Bathory</span><br /> Requiem is Seymour's Overdrive from <span href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X" title="Final Fantasy X">Final Fantasy X</span><br /> Title of a piece by Yoko Kanno for the anime series <i>Wolf's Rain</i>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Nun" title="Requiem for a Nun">Requiem for a Nun</span> a novel by William Faulkner<br /> Requiem is also the name of <span href="/wiki/Siegfried" title="Siegfried">Siegfried</span>'s sword from the <span href="/wiki/Soul_Calibur" title="Soul Calibur">Soul Calibur</span> series <b> See also</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-64881009866001316272007-11-23T07:17:00.001-08:002007-11-23T07:17:23.603-08:00<img src="http://www.nga.gov/press/exh/242/assets/thumbnails/242-004.jpg" alt="Keelmen" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> The <b>Keelmen of <span href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</span></b> were a group of men who worked on the <span href="/wiki/Keelboat" title="Keelboat">keels</span>, large boats that carried the coal from the banks of both rivers to the waiting collier ships. Because of the shallowness of both rivers, it was difficult for ships of any significant draught to move up river and load with coal from the place where the coal reached the riverside. Thus the need for shallow-draught keels to transport the coal to the waiting ships. The keelmen formed a close-knit and colourful community on both rivers until their eventual demise late in the nineteenth century.<br /> <span name="Beginnings_of_the_coal_trade" id="Beginnings_of_the_coal_trade"></span><br /> <b> Beginnings of the coal trade</b><br /> The keels were wooden boats with a pointed stern, so that the bow and stern looked almost the same. They were of shallow draught so that when fully loaded they drew only four and a half feet. The keels were forty feet long and at least 19 feet wide amidships: a very broad configuration. In 1266 the standard load of a keel was set at 20 chaldrons (wagonloads) or approximately 17 tons. After 1497 the keel load was frequently increased, until in 1635 it was set at 21.1 tons. A chaldron was a horse-drawn wagon containing 17 cwt of coal. Keels were supposed to be measured by the Kings Commissioners and given a load mark to show when they were full. The keels had a single mast with a square sail attached to a yardarm and two large oars. They had no rudder and so a large sweep was used for steering when the keel was under sail. The oars were used to row when the wind was not favourable. There were also two iron-shod poles for polling the keel through any shallows. The floor of the hold was only two feet below the gunnel to allow for easy loading. The coal was piled high above the top of the hold with wooden boards used to prevent the cargo from sliding. Each keel was manned by a skipper, two crewmen and a boy, known as a 'pee dee'. The meaning of this title is unknown.<br /> <span name="The_keelmen" id="The_keelmen"></span><br /> <b> The keels</b><br /> The keelmen would start by loading coal into the hold from a 'spout', as the riverside chutes were called. The keel would then be taken down river on the ebb tide using the oars, or the sail, if the wind was favourable. The keel would then be taken alongside the waiting collier and the crewmen of the keel would carry out the strenuous work of shovelling the coal into the collier, working even after darkness. Because of the difference between the keel's gunnel and the collier's deck, this could be very arduous work. After a time colliers were constructed in such a manner as to make it easier to load coal into them. In 1819 the keelmen went on strike, and one of their demands was an extra shilling per keel for every foot that the side of the collier exceeded five feet. After completing the loading of the coal, the keelmen would return for another cargo, if there was time left in the day and if the tides allowed.<br /> <span name="Disputes_with_the_Hostmen" id="Disputes_with_the_Hostmen"></span><br /> <b> The keelmen</b><br /> The Tyneside keelmen were employed by the Newcastle <span href="/wiki/Hostmen_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Hostmen of Newcastle upon Tyne">Hostmen</span> and were often in dispute with their employers. They went on strike in 1709, 1710, 1740 and 1750. One grievance held by the keelmen was that the Hostmen, in order to avoid custom duties, would deliberately overload the keels. Duty was paid on each keel-load, so that it paid the owner to load as much coal as possible. This meant that the keel-load gradually increased from 16 tons in 1600 to 21.25 tons in 1695. As the keelmen were paid by the keel-load, they had to work considerably harder for the same pay. Even after the keel-load had been standardised, there were cases of keel owners illegally enlarging the holds to carry more coal, as much as 26.5 tons. In 1719 and 1744, the Tyneside keelmen went on strike in protest at this 'overmeasure'. The 1750 strike was also against 'overmeasure', as well as against 'can-money', the practice of paying part of the keelmen's wages in drink that had to be consumed at 'can-houses', pubs owned by the employers.<br /> <span name="Expansion_of_the_Wear_coal_trade" id="Expansion_of_the_Wear_coal_trade"></span><br /> <b> Disputes with the Hostmen</b><br /> The coal export trade from the Wear was slow to develop, but by the seventeenth century there was a thriving trade in exporting coal from the Durham coalfield via the River Wear. The tonnage however was much smaller than on the Tyne; in 1609, 11,648 tons were exported from the Wear compared with 239,000 tons exported from the Tyne. This imbalance changed dramatically during the <span href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</span> because of the <span href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</span> blockade of the Tyne and their encouragement of the Wearside merchants to make up for the subsequent shortfall in coal for <span href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</span>. Coal exports from the Wear increased by an enormous amount, causing a similar increase in the number of keelmen employed on the river. By time of the <span href="/wiki/The_Restoration" title="The Restoration">Restoration</span> in 1660, trade on the Tyne had recovered, but the river was now only exporting a third more coal than the Wear.<br /> <span name="The_Keelmen.27s_Hospital" id="The_Keelmen.27s_Hospital"></span><br /> <img src="http://a7.vox.com/6a00d414308e57685e00d41435bfe76a47-320pi" alt="Keelmen" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Expansion of the Wear coal trade</b><br /> In 1699 the keelmen of Newcastle decided to build the Keelmen's Hospital, a charitable foundation for sick and aged keelmen and their families. The keelmen agreed to contribute one penny a tide from the wages of each keel's crew and Newcastle Corporation made land available in Sandgate. The hospital was completed in 1701 at a cost of £2,000. It consisted of fifty chambers giving onto a cloister enclosing a grass court. One matter of contention relating to the hospital was that the funds for its maintenance were kept in the control of the Hostmen, lest they be used as a strike fund by the keelmen. The hospital building still remains in City Road, Newcastle, and is now used for student accommodation.<br /> <span name="Impressment_in_the_Royal_Navy" id="Impressment_in_the_Royal_Navy"></span><br /> <b> Impressment in the Royal Navy</b><br /> About 1750 a new development began to be used on the Tyne. New pits were being sunk further and further away from the river and coal was being brought to the riverbank via wagon ways. Once there, in places accessible by colliers, coal staithes were built to allow coal to be dropped directly into the holds of the colliers without the need for keels. The staithes were short piers that projected out over the river and allowed coal wagons to run on rails to the end. Colliers would moor alongside the end of the staithes and, initially, the coal from the wagons was emptied down chutes into the colliers' holds. Later, to avoid breakage of the coal, the coal wagons were lowered onto the decks of the colliers and were unloaded there. This was the beginning of the end for the keelmen and they realised the threat that the coal staithes posed. Strikes and riots resulted whenever new staithes were opened. In 1794 the Tyneside keelmen went on strike against the use of staithes for loading coal.<br /> <span name="Steam_tugs" id="Steam_tugs"></span><br /> <b> Coal staithes</b><br /> Another threat to the livelihood of the keelmen was the development of <span href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">steam tugs</span>. During a ten-week strike by the keelmen of both Tyne and Wear against the use of coal staithes, the keel owners installed one of the newly developed steam locomotives in a keel equipped with paddle wheels. The keel was not only able to propel itself, but was able to tow a string of other keels behind it. By 1830, Marshall's shipyard in <span href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</span> had begun to manufacture steam tugs, for the Tyne and for further afield. This development did not threaten the livelihood of the keelmen as completely as the development of the coal staithes.<br /> <span name="Improvements_in_river_navigation" id="Improvements_in_river_navigation"></span><br /> <b> Improvements in river navigation</b><br /> By the mid-nineteenth century, less than a fifth of the pits on the Tyne and Wear were using keels to load coal. The introduction of coal staithes and steam tugs had already severely diminished the number of keelmen. The new docks with their efficient coal loading facilities brought the final demise of the keels and the men who worked them. The second half of the nineteenth century was a time of rapid industrial growth on Tyneside and Wearside, so that the keelmen would be readily absorbed within other industries. They are now just a distant memory with little to remind us of them, apart from the Keelmen's Hospital that still stands in Newcastle and the well known local song, "The Keel Row".<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-4409054001939469812007-11-22T08:35:00.001-08:002007-11-22T08:35:42.100-08:00<img src="http://www.malaspina.edu/~mcneil/gif/vigeep.jpg" alt="Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun</b> (<span href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</span>, <span href="/wiki/1755" title="1755">1755</span> - <span href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</span>, <span href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</span>) was a French <span href="/wiki/Painter" title="Painter">painter</span>, and is recognized as the most famous woman painter of the <span href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">eighteenth century</span>. Her style is <span href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</span> in exhibiting ideals of simplicity and purity. Her work can also be considered <span href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</span> in its grace, delicacy, and naturalism.<br /> She was born in <span href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</span>, <b>Marie Élisabeth-Louise Vigée</b>, the daughter of a painter, from whom she received her first instruction, although she benefited more by the advice of <span href="/wiki/Gabriel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Doyen" title="Gabriel François Doyen">Gabriel François Doyen</span>, <span href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Jean-Baptiste Greuze</span>, <span href="/wiki/Joseph_Vernet" title="Joseph Vernet">Joseph Vernet</span>, and other masters of the period.<br /> By the time she was in her early teens, she was painting portraits professionally. After her studio was seized, for practicing without a license, she applied to the <i>Académie de Saint Luc</i>, which willingly exhibited her works in their Salon. On <span href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">25 October</span> <span href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</span>, she was made a member of the Académie.<br /> In 1776, she married Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Le Brun, a painter and art dealer. She painted portraits of many of the nobility of the day and as her career blossomed, she was invited to the <span href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</span> to paint <span href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</span>, the French Queen consort.<br /> So pleased was the queen that over the next several years, Vigée-Le Brun was commissioned to do numerous portraits of the queen, her children, and other members of the royal family and household.<br /> In 1781 she and her husband toured <span href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</span> where seeing the works of the Flemish masters inspired her to try new techniques. There, she painted portraits of some of the nobility, including the <span href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">Prince of Nassau</span>.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</span>, <span href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</span>, Vigée Le Brun was accepted as a member of France's <i><span href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Peinture_et_de_Sculpture" title="Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture">Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture</span></i> as a painter of historical allegory. <span href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_Labille-Guiard" title="Adélaïde Labille-Guiard">Adélaïde Labille-Guiard</span> also was admitted on the same day.<br /> The admission of Vigée-Le Brun was opposed on the grounds that her husband was an art dealer, but eventually they were overruled by an order from <span href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</span> because Marie-Antoinette put considerable pressure on her husband on behalf of her painter.<br /> The admission of more than one woman on the same day to the Académie encouraged comparisons among the works of the women instead of one woman contrasted with the existing members, who were men.<br /> After the arrest of the royal family during the <span href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</span> Vigée-Le Brun fled France. She lived and worked for some years in <span href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</span>, <span href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</span>, where her experience in dealing with an aristocratic <i>clientèle</i> was still useful. In <span href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</span>, her paintings met with great critical acclaim and she was elected to the Roman <i><span href="/wiki/Accademia_di_San_Luca" title="Accademia di San Luca">Accademia di San Luca</span></i>.<br /> In Russia, she was received by the nobility and painted numerous members of the family of <span href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine the Great</span>. While there, Vigée-Le Brun was made a member of the <i>Academy of Fine Arts of Saint Petersburg</i>.<br /> She was welcomed back to France during the reign of Emperor <span href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</span>. Much in demand by the <i>élite</i> of <span href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</span>, she visited <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span> at the beginning of the nineteenth century and painted the portrait of several British notables including <span href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron" title="George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron">Lord Byron</span>. In 1807 she traveled to <span href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</span> and was made an honorary member of the <i>Société pour l'Avancement des Beaux-Arts</i> of <span href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</span>.<br /> She published her memoirs in 1835 and 1837, which provide an interesting view of the training of artists at the end of the period dominated by royal academies. Her portrait of fellow neoclassical painter, <span href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</span>, is in Paris at <span href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Musee National du Louvre</span>.<br /> Still very active with her painting in her fifties, at that time she purchased a house in <span href="/wiki/Louveciennes" title="Louveciennes">Louveciennes</span>, <span href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_%28r%C3%A9gion%29" title="Île-de-France (région)">Île-de-France</span>, and lived there until the house was seized by the <span href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</span> Army during the <span href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars#Sixth_Coalition_1812.E2.80.931814" title="Napoleonic Wars">war</span> in 1814. She stayed in Paris until her death on <span href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</span>, <span href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</span> when her body was taken back to <span href="/wiki/Louveciennes" title="Louveciennes">Louveciennes</span> and buried in the cemetery near her old home.<br /> Her tombstone <span href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</span> states "<i>Ici, enfin, je repose…</i>" (Here, at last, I rest…).<br /> Vigée-Le Brun left a legacy of 660 portraits and 200 landscapes. In addition to private collections, her works may be found at major museums, such as <span href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</span>, <span href="/wiki/National_Gallery%2C_London" title="National Gallery, London">London's National Gallery</span>, in <span href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</span> and the <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span>.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-85764596461754519392007-11-20T09:03:00.001-08:002007-11-20T09:03:21.375-08:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Oliver "Ollie" Riedel</b> (b. <span href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</span>, <span href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</span>) is a <span href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</span> musician, most notable for being the <span href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass-guitarist</span> for the German <span href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Tanz-Metall</span> ("<span href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Dance metal</span>") band <span href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</span>.<br /> <span name="Biography" id="Biography"></span><br /> <b> Biography</b><br /> Riedel was born on <span href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">11 April</span> <span href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</span> in <span href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</span> as an only child.<br /> Growing up, Oliver had relatively good relationships with both of his parents. He attributes this to the small gap in between their ages. As a child, Oliver wasn't a good student, but he made his way through school with the assistance of his mother. Oliver was quite shy, especially during his teenage years, and while his friends partied at discos he would often be found just "hanging around".<br /> <span name="Musical_career" id="Musical_career"></span><br /> <b> Early years</b><br /> In 1990, at the age of nineteen, Oliver began playing in a folk-fiddle/<span href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk-rock</span> band called The Inchtabokatables.<br /> <span name="Rammstein" id="Rammstein"></span><br /> <img src="http://rammstein.imho.biz/Rammstein/foto/Oliver%2520Riedel.jpg" alt="Oliver Riedel" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Musical career</b><br /> In 1994, Riedel, <span href="/wiki/Till_Lindemann" title="Till Lindemann">Till Lindemann</span>, <span href="/wiki/Richard_Z._Kruspe" title="Richard Z. Kruspe">Richard Z. Kruspe</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Christoph_Schneider" title="Christoph Schneider">Christoph "Doom" Schneider</span> entered and won the Berlin Senate Metro beat contest that allowed them to record a four track demo professionally. <span href="/wiki/Paul_Landers" title="Paul Landers">Paul H. Landers</span> and <span href="/wiki/Christian_Lorenz" title="Christian Lorenz">Christian "Flake" Lorenz</span> would later join the band they named Rammstein.<br /> The six released their first album, <i><span href="/wiki/Herzeleid" title="Herzeleid">Herzeleid</span></i> (Heartache) in September, 1995. Their second album, <i><span href="/wiki/Sehnsucht_%28album%29" title="Sehnsucht (album)">Sehnsucht</span></i> (Longing) was released in 1997, which would later become platinum.<br /> In April 2001, the album <i><span href="/wiki/Mutter" title="Mutter">Mutter</span></i> (Mother) was released and a European tour followed, ending on <span href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">13 July</span> <span href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</span>. It has been reported that at this time the members of Rammstein were seriously discussing whether to continue or not in their present form. It was decided that they should all take some time off and then reconsider whether to continue.<br /> In 2003, Rammstein started work on the fourth album, which was to prove a turning point in Rammstein's sound and maturity. September 2004 saw the fruits of this work in the release of <i><span href="/wiki/Reise%2C_Reise" title="Reise, Reise">Reise, Reise</span></i> ("Reise,Reise")<br /> <span name="Marriage_and_children" id="Marriage_and_children"></span><br /> <b> Personal characteristics</b><br /> <i><b>On the separation rumours</b></i><br /> "We never wanted to, but after <i>Mutter</i> we had some difficult times because the third album is the most difficult one and we had a lot of pressure on us. We also had our differences between the group members and everyone's expectations were different. We took a year to rest, and after that we realized that we wanted to be together and to go on."<br /> <i><b>On his early family life</b></i><br /> Interviewer: Did you have a lot of problems with your parents?<br /> Ollie: Not a lot at all. My parents are quite young, which is good. Because the age difference isn't that big, we had it good with each other. My father and mother also liked the same music as me. We were almost more like friends than family.<br /> Interviewer: But of course you did tease your brothers and sisters...<br /> Ollie: No, because I don't have any, too bad. But if I would have had them, I would definitely have teased them!<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-6971383436265673882007-11-19T07:49:00.001-08:002007-11-19T07:49:47.172-08:00<img src="http://www.lacarrepairshop.com/images/servicio_reparacion_aire_aconditionado.jpg" alt="Aire" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Aire</b> may refer to:<br /> In <b>rivers</b>:<br /> In <b>towns</b>:<br /> In <b>other</b>:<br /> <span href="/wiki/River_Aire" title="River Aire">River Aire</span>, a river in Yorkshire, England<br /> <span href="/wiki/Aire_%28Aisne%29" title="Aire (Aisne)">Aire (Aisne)</span>, a river in the Ardennes <i>département</i>, northern France<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Aire_River_%28Switzerland%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Aire River (Switzerland)">Aire River (Switzerland)</span>, a river in the Canton of Geneva, in Switzerland<br /> <span href="/wiki/Aire-sur-la-Lys" title="Aire-sur-la-Lys">Aire-sur-la-Lys</span>, a town in the Pas-de-Calais département in France<br /> <span href="/wiki/Aire-la-Ville" title="Aire-la-Ville">Aire-la-Ville</span>, a municipality in the Canton of Geneva, in Switzerland<br /> <span href="/wiki/Aire-sur-l%27Adour" title="Aire-sur-l'Adour">Aire-sur-l'Adour</span>, a town of Aquitaine, in the Landes département<br /> <span href="/wiki/Aire%2C_Ardennes" title="Aire, Ardennes">Aire, Ardennes</span>, a commune in the Ardennes département in France<br /> <span href="/wiki/Aire_%28program%29" title="Aire (program)">Aire (program)</span>, a wireless network discovery program for Windows<br /> AIRE, an acronym for <span href="/wiki/Autoimmune_Regulator" title="Autoimmune Regulator">Autoimmune Regulator</span><br /> The <span href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Aire&action=edit" class="new" title="Siege of Aire">Siege of Aire</span> was a military action in 1710 in the War of the Spanish Succession<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Aire_Diocese&action=edit" class="new" title="Aire Diocese">Aire Diocese</span> in France so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-34800849789471767032007-11-18T08:25:00.001-08:002007-11-18T08:25:45.998-08:00<img src="http://thriceholy.net/Texts/hypatiabut.jpg" alt="Xenocrates of Sicyon" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Xenokrates of Sicyon</b> (fl. c.<span href="/wiki/280_BC" title="280 BC">280 BC</span>) was a <span href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</span> sculptor and writer, and one of the world's first <span href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art historians</span>. Three signed statue bases are all that survive of his work. <span href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</span> described him as a pupil of either <span href="/w/index.php?title=Euthykrates&action=edit" class="new" title="Euthykrates">Euthykrates</span> or <span href="/w/index.php?title=Teisikrates&action=edit" class="new" title="Teisikrates">Teisikrates</span>, and states that he surpassed both in his career, and that he wrote several volumes concerning his craft. Pliny's entire dissertation on the history of sculpture and painting is believed to have been strongly influenced by the work of Xenokrates. He was the art critic most familiar to the Romans of the late Republic, and he greatly influenced their tastes.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-54422716280443821782007-11-17T07:57:00.001-08:002007-11-17T07:57:33.522-08:00 <b> Current members</b><br /> There is one associate member school (wrestling only):<br /> <span name="Future_members" id="Future_members"></span><br /> <b> Associate members</b><br /> <span name="Conference_champions" id="Conference_champions"></span><br /> <b> Future members</b><br /> <br /> <img src="http://www.wofford.edu/uploadedImages/AndrewStubbs1.jpg" alt="Southern Conference" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Conference champions</b><br /> <br /> <b> Football</b><br /> <br clear="all" /><br /> <span name="Commissioner.27s_and_Germann_Cups" id="Commissioner.27s_and_Germann_Cups"></span><br /> <b> Men's basketball</b><br /> The Commissioner's and Germann Cups are awarded each year to the top men's and women's program in the conference. The Commissioner's Cup was inaugurated in 1970. The Germann Cup, named for former Southern Conference Commissioner Ken Germann, was first awarded in 1987.<br /> <b> Commissioner's and Germann Cups</b><br /> <br /> <b> Commissioner's Cup</b><br /> <br clear="all" /><br /> <span name="Conference_facilities" id="Conference_facilities"></span><br /> <b> Conference facilities</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-79916607481443290972007-11-16T10:03:00.001-08:002007-11-16T10:03:08.782-08:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Henry Robinson Luce</b> (pronounced like "loose") (<span href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</span>, <span href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</span> – <span href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</span>, <span href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</span>) was an influential <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</span> publisher.<br /> <span name="Biography" id="Biography"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.nndb.com/people/835/000043706/luce.jpg" alt="Henry Luce" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> In popular culture</b><br /> Ralph G. Martin's book <i>Henry & Clare: An Intimate Portrait of the Luces</i> claims that Henry had extended relationships with <span href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Dalrymple&action=edit" class="new" title="Jean Dalrymple">Jean Dalrymple</span> (a Broadway producer and theatrical agent) and <span href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Bancroft&action=edit" class="new" title="Mary Bancroft">Mary Bancroft</span> (who, among other accomplishments, had been a wartime spymaster for the <span href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</span>). According to Martin, Clare also had many lovers. Henry's liaison that most seriously threatened his marriage to Clare involved <span href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Jeanne_Campbell&action=edit" class="new" title="Lady Jeanne Campbell">Lady Jeanne Campbell</span>, granddaughter of the British press tycoon <span href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</span>. TIME in <span href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</span> found a minor job in its picture department for Lady Jeanne. Luce became so openly smitten with this cheerful redhead, 31 years his junior, that rumors of the affair appeared in gossip columns. Lady Jeanne eventually married novelist <span href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</span>.<br /> Martin's claims are controversial. An article in the <span href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</span>, <span href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</span> issue of <i>TIME</i> states that "<i>Henry & Clare</i> is rife with errors, undocumented innuendo, non sequiturs and contradictions. Martin shows little understanding of how the Luce organization worked; the portraits of his principals are caricature-crude, especially in the case of Clare."<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-398160255271352442007-11-15T10:08:00.001-08:002007-11-15T10:08:43.858-08:00<img src="http://www.ses.nsw.gov.au/infopages/6161/Image/Ross_Matthews1.jpg" alt="Queen's Service Order" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> The <b>Queen's Service Order</b> was established by Queen <span href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth II</span> on <span href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">13 March</span> <span href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</span>. It is a <span href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</span> Order awarded for "for valuable voluntary service to the community or meritorious and faithful services to the Crown or similar services within the public sector, whether in elected or appointed office", excepting military service. This Order was created after a review of <span href="/wiki/Orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_New_Zealand" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of New Zealand">New Zealand's honours system</span> in <span href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</span>.<br /> Awarded in Public and Community Service divisions, receipients of this award are entitled to use the <span href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</span> "QSO". Members of the Order are styled "Companion". "Extra" and "Additional" Companions can be added to the membership in the case of members of the Royal Family and former Governors-General, respectively.<br /> The insignia of the order is a stylised <span href="/wiki/Leptospermum_scoparium" title="Leptospermum scoparium">manuka</span> flower with five petals, which contains the effigy of the reigning monarch surrounded by a red circle indicating the division of the Order for which it was awarded (i.e. <i>For Public Service</i> or <i>For Community Service</i>). This circle is royally crowned. The ribbon has a traditional <span href="/wiki/Maori" title="Maori">Maori</span> motif of black, white and red diagonal 'steps' in the centre with red stripes along each edge of the ribbon. The insignia is worn on the left lapel of the coat or from a ribbon tied in a bow at the left shoulder.<br /> There is also a related <b>Queen's Service Medal</b>, which is a silver circular medal bearing the effigy of the reigning monarch on the obverse, and the <span href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_New_Zealand" title="Coat of Arms of New Zealand">Coat of Arms of New Zealand</span> on the reverse. The ribbon or bow pattern is the same as the Queen's Service Order. The Medal is also awarded in the same two divisions as the Order.<br /> <span name="Important_Members_and_Officers" id="Important_Members_and_Officers"></span><br /> <b> See also</b><br /> <span name="External_link" id="External_link"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/British_and_Commonwealth_orders_and_decorations" title="British and Commonwealth orders and decorations">British and Commonwealth orders and decorations</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Honours_System" title="New Zealand Honours System">New Zealand Honours System</span> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-59449584936704031062007-11-14T10:21:00.001-08:002007-11-14T10:21:23.727-08:00 <b></b><br /> The <b>geography of New Zealand</b> encompasses two main islands (called the North and South Islands in English, <i>Te-Ika-a-Maui</i> and <i>Te Wai Pounamu</i> in <span href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</span>) and a number of <span href="/wiki/Islands_of_New_Zealand" title="Islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</span>, located near the centre of the <span href="/wiki/Water_hemisphere" title="Water hemisphere">water hemisphere</span>. <span href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</span> varies in climate from cold and wet to dry and to <span href="/wiki/Subtropical" title="Subtropical">subtropical</span> in some areas. The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the production of <span href="/wiki/Television_program" title="Television program">television programmes</span> and <span href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</span>, including the <span href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_trilogy" title="The Lord of the Rings film trilogy"><i>Lord of the Rings</i> trilogy</span>, and the <i><span href="/wiki/Last_Samurai" title="Last Samurai">Last Samurai</span></i>.<br /> Neighbouring countries include <span href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</span> to the northwest and <span href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</span> and <span href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</span> to the north.<br /> <span name="Physical_geography" id="Physical_geography"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.letsgo.co.nz/images/pic_sheep.jpg" alt="Geography of New Zealand" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Physical geography</b><br /> New Zealand straddles the boundary between two <span href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</span>. The <span href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</span> under the <span href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</span> results in <span href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</span>, especially in the North Island's <span href="/wiki/Taupo_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupo Volcanic Zone">Taupo Volcanic Zone</span>. The associated geothermal energy is used in numerous <span href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal power plants</span>.<br /> There are <span href="/wiki/Karst_topography" title="Karst topography">karst</span> sedimentary rock formations in some areas, among which the <span href="/wiki/Waitomo_Caves" title="Waitomo Caves">Waitomo Caves</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Pancake_Rocks" title="Pancake Rocks">Pancake Rocks</span> are recognised tourist attractions.<br /> <span name="Political_geography" id="Political_geography"></span><br /> <b> Political geography</b><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</span> in New Zealand is mostly <span href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">cool temperate to warm temperate</span>. <span href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">Mean</span> temperatures range from 8°<span href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</span> (46°<span href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">F</span>) in the South Island to 16°C (61°F) in the North Island.<br /> <span name="Land_use" id="Land_use"></span><br /> Its <span href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude zone</span> location where the <span href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</span> flow westerly.<br /> Its <span href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanic</span> environment.<br /> The mountains, especially the <span href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</span>. <b> Climate</b><br /> Natural resources include: <span href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</span>, <span href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</span>, <span href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</span> ore, <span href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</span>, <span href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</span>, <span href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Timber" title="Timber">timber</span>.<br /> <b>Land use:</b><br /> <b>Irrigated land:</b> 2,850 km² (2003)<br /> <span name="Natural_hazards" id="Natural_hazards"></span><br /> arable land: 5.54%<br /> permanent crops: 6.92%<br /> other: 87.54% (2005) <b> Land use</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</span> are common, though usually not severe. <span href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanic activity</span>. Fire bans exist in some areas.<br /> <span name="Environment" id="Environment"></span><br /> <b> Environment</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_New_Zealand" title="Extreme points of New Zealand">Extreme points of New Zealand</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/National_parks_of_New_Zealand" title="National parks of New Zealand">National parks of New Zealand</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Marine_reserves_of_New_Zealand" title="Marine reserves of New Zealand">Marine reserves of New Zealand</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Islands_of_New_Zealand" title="Islands of New Zealand">Islands of New Zealand</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_trees_native_to_New_Zealand" title="List of trees native to New Zealand">List of trees native to New Zealand</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Water_hemisphere" title="Water hemisphere">Water hemisphere</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of lakes in New Zealand">List of lakes in New Zealand</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_New_Zealand&action=edit" class="new" title="Geology of New Zealand">Geology of New Zealand</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit" class="new" title="Geological history of New Zealand">Geological history of New Zealand</span> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-46047970148097112092007-11-13T07:05:00.001-08:002007-11-13T07:05:19.925-08:00<img src="http://entimg.msn.com/i/150/TV/30rock_cast_150.jpg" alt="The Head and the Hair (30 Rock episode)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b9/300px-30_Rock_season_1_epiosode_11.jpg" alt="The Head and the Hair (30 Rock episode)" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> "<b>The Head and the Hair</b>" is the eleventh episode of the situation comedy series <i><span href="/wiki/30_Rock" title="30 Rock">30 Rock</span></i>, which aired <span href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</span>, <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span>.<br /> <span name="Synopsis" id="Synopsis"></span><br /> <b> Wikipedia reference</b><br /> <b>Gold Case</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</span> <span href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game show</span>, hosted by <span href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</span>. It was created by <span href="/wiki/Kenneth_Parcell" title="Kenneth Parcell">Kenneth "Kenneth the Page" Parcell</span>, and is designed to be a cross between "<span href="/wiki/Deal_or_No_Deal_%28US_game_show%29" title="Deal or No Deal (US game show)">Deal or No Deal</span>" and "<span href="/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_%28US_game_show%29" title="Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (US game show)">Who Wants to Be a Millionaire</span>".<br /> The setting is simple: Ten models hold identical briefcases, one of them containing $1 Million in <span href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</span>. The contestant must choose the case they think holds the gold. The show was cancelled (even before it aired) after several contestants tried their luck, when it was discovered that it was incredibly easy. The contestant could always immediately determine which case held the gold, due to the model's visible difficulty in holding the heavy briefcase.<br /> Due to every contestant immediately picking the correct briefcase, it is not clear what would happen if the contestant chose incorrectly. If the gold or non-gold content of the briefcase were always revealed immediately upon the contestant making his or her selection, and the game ended at that point, each round of the game would last only a few minutes, like those that were shown.<br /> <span name="Trivia" id="Trivia"></span><br /> <b> "Gold Case"</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> Liz reminded everyone in the staff office that "today" was <span href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</span>, <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span>. Since <span href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</span> fell on a Wednesday in 2007, this episode would have aired on that date instead of <span href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</span>, since <i>30 Rock</i> itself used to air on Wednesdays.<br /> At the end of the show, Kenneth's <i>Gold Case</i> show is a failure, because contestants can easily spot which case contains a million dollars worth of gold since the model has visible difficulty holding the case. In real life, a million dollars is equivalent to a little over one hundred and ten pounds of gold.<br /> In this episode, Tracy Jordan says he was living with his mother in her house in 1979. This contradicts <span href="/wiki/Pilot_%2830_Rock_episode%29" title="Pilot (30 Rock episode)">the pilot</span>, in which he said he grew up in an apartment, where he was living in <span href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</span>.<br /> Kenneth is cleaning graffiti off a wall in <span href="/wiki/Brian_Williams" title="Brian Williams">Brian Williams</span>'s office that says "KAT... COUR... SU..." It presumably says, "<span href="/wiki/Katie_Couric" title="Katie Couric">Katie Couric</span> Sucks."<br /> <span href="/wiki/Peter_Hermann" title="Peter Hermann">Peter Hermann</span> is the third <i><span href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_SVU" title="Law & Order: SVU">Law & Order: SVU</span></i> actor to appear on the show.<br /> Explicit or indirect NBC/MSNBC show references: <span href="/wiki/Heroes" title="Heroes">Heroes</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hardball" title="Hardball">Hardball</span>, <span href="/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News" title="NBC Nightly News">NBC Nightly News</span><br /> The episode marks another Star Wars reference, specifically the Death Star's tractor beam and the Millennium Falcon.<br /> The "show about midgets" Liz mentions is a possible reference to the <span href="/wiki/TLC_%28TV_channel%29" title="TLC (TV channel)">TLC</span> reality series <span href="/wiki/Little_People%2C_Big_World" title="Little People, Big World">Little People, Big World</span>.<br /> The "Moonvest" character introduced in this episode inspired the name of <i>30 Rock</i> fan site <span href="http://moonvest.com/" class="external text" title="http://moonvest.com/" rel="nofollow">MOONVEST.COM</span>.<br /> After Liz and "The Hair" find out that they're 3rd cousins, the theme music temporarily changes to include a banjo (possibly as an oblique reference to the movie <span href="/wiki/Deliverance" title="Deliverance">Deliverance</span>). <b> Guest starring</b><br /> <span name="Watch_this_episode_online" id="Watch_this_episode_online"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Teddy_Coluca" title="Teddy Coluca">Teddy Coluca</span> (Stage Manager)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Nikki_Ghisel&action=edit" class="new" title="Nikki Ghisel">Nikki Ghisel</span> (MSNBC Receptionist)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Michal_Antonov&action=edit" class="new" title="Michal Antonov">Michal Antonov</span> (10 Year Old Liz)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tyler_Johnson" title="Tyler Johnson">Tyler Johnson</span> (Model/Waiter)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Ali_Reza" title="Ali Reza">Ali Reza</span> (Executive)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Craig_Castaldo&action=edit" class="new" title="Craig Castaldo">Craig Castaldo</span> (Moonvest)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Kohli&action=edit" class="new" title="Rock Kohli">Rock Kohli</span> (Store Clerk)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Brendan_Walsh&action=edit" class="new" title="Brendan Walsh">Brendan Walsh</span> (Shut It Down)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=J.T._Arbogast&action=edit" class="new" title="J.T. Arbogast">J.T. Arbogast</span> (Contestant #1)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Carrie_Yaeger&action=edit" class="new" title="Carrie Yaeger">Carrie Yaeger</span> (Contestant #2)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Audrey_K._Amey&action=edit" class="new" title="Audrey K. Amey">Audrey K. Amey</span> (Contestant #3)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Norman_Schneider&action=edit" class="new" title="Jon Norman Schneider">Jon Norman Schneider</span> (Contestant #4) so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-37451754427148483042007-11-12T08:10:00.001-08:002007-11-12T08:10:59.890-08:00 <b></b><br /> <b><span href="/wiki/Effects_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Effects of tropical cyclones">Effects</span></b> <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_watches_and_warnings" title="Tropical cyclone watches and warnings">Watches and warnings</span> <span href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</span> - <span href="/wiki/List_of_notable_tropical_cyclones" title="List of notable tropical cyclones">Notable storms</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_retired_tropical_cyclone_names" title="List of retired tropical cyclone names">Retired hurricanes</span> <small>(<span href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names" title="List of retired Atlantic hurricane names">Atlantic</span> - <span href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Pacific_hurricane_names" title="List of retired Pacific hurricane names">Pacific</span>)</small> A <b>tropical cyclone</b> is a meteorological term for a <span href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storm system</span> characterized by a <span href="/wiki/Low_pressure" title="Low pressure">low pressure</span> center and <span href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</span> that produces strong wind and flooding rain. A tropical cyclone feeds on the heat released when moist air rises and the water vapor it contains <span href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</span>. They are fueled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as <span href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">nor'easters</span>, <span href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorms</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">polar lows</span>, leading to their classification as "warm core" storm systems.<br /> The adjective "tropical" refers to both the geographic origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively in <span href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</span> regions of the globe, and their formation in <span href="/wiki/Air_mass#Classification" title="Air mass">Maritime Tropical air masses</span>. The noun "cyclone" refers to such storms' <span href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclonic</span> nature, with <span href="/wiki/Clockwise_and_counterclockwise" title="Clockwise and counterclockwise">counterclockwise</span> rotation in the <span href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</span> and clockwise rotation in the <span href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</span>. Depending on their location and strength, tropical cyclones are referred to by various other names, such as <b>hurricane</b>, <b>typhoon</b>, <b>tropical storm</b>, <b>cyclonic storm</b>, and <b>tropical depression</b>.<br /> While tropical cyclones can produce extremely powerful winds and torrential <span href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</span>, they are also able to produce high waves and damaging <span href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</span>. They develop over large bodies of warm water, and lose their strength if they move over land. This is the reason coastal regions can receive significant damage from a tropical cyclone, while inland regions are relatively safe from receiving strong winds. Heavy rains, however, can produce significant flooding inland, and storm surges can produce extensive coastal <span href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</span> up to 25 <span href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</span> (40 <span href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</span>) from the coastline. Although their effects on human populations can be devastating, tropical cyclones can also relieve <span href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</span> conditions. They also carry heat and energy away from the tropics and transport it towards <span href="/wiki/Temperate" title="Temperate">temperate</span> <span href="/wiki/Latitudes" title="Latitudes">latitudes</span>, which makes them an important part of the global <span href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</span> mechanism. As a result, tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth's <span href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</span>, and to maintain a relatively stable and warm temperature worldwide.<br /> Many tropical cyclones <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">develop</span> when the atmospheric conditions around a weak disturbance in the atmosphere are favorable. Others form when <span href="#Related_cyclone_types" title="">other types of cyclones</span> acquire tropical characteristics. Tropical systems are then moved by <span href="#Steering_winds" title="">steering winds</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</span>; if the conditions remain favorable, the tropical disturbance intensifies, and can even develop an <span href="/wiki/Eye_%28cyclone%29" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye</span>. On the other end of the spectrum, if the conditions around the system deteriorate or the tropical cyclone makes landfall, the system weakens and eventually dissipates.<br /> <span name="Physical_structure" id="Physical_structure"></span><br /> <b> Physical structure</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rainbands" title="Rainbands">Rainbands</span> are bands of showers and thunderstorms that spiral cyclonically toward the storm center. High wind gusts and heavy downpours often occur in individual rainbands, with relatively calm weather between bands. Tornadoes often form in the rainbands of landfalling tropical cyclones.<br /> <span name="Eye_and_inner_core" id="Eye_and_inner_core"></span><br /> <b> Banding</b><br /> A strong tropical cyclone will harbor an area of sinking air at the center of circulation. If this area is strong enough, it can develop into an <span href="/wiki/Eye_%28cyclone%29" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye</span>. Weather in the eye is normally calm and free of clouds, though the sea may be extremely violent.<br /> <span name="Size" id="Size"></span><br /> <b> Eye and inner core</b><br /> The size of a tropical cyclone is determined by measuring the distance from their center of circulation to their outermost closed <span href="/wiki/Isobar" title="Isobar">isobar</span>. If the radius is less than two <span href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">degrees of latitude</span> (120 nm, 222 km), then the cyclone is "very small" or a "midget." Radii of 2–3 degrees (120–180 nm, 222–333 km) are considered "small." Radii between 3 and 6 latitude degrees (180–360 nm, 333–666 km) are considered "average sized." Tropical cyclones are considered "large" when the closed isobar radius is 6–8 degrees of latitude (360–480 nm, 666–888 km), while "very large" tropical cyclones have a radius of greater than 8 degrees (480 nm, 888 km). Other methods of determining a tropical cyclone's size include measuring the radius of gale force winds and measuring the radius of the central dense overcast.<br /> <span name="Mechanics" id="Mechanics"></span><br /> <b> Size</b><br /> A tropical cyclone's primary <span href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</span> source is the release of the <span href="/wiki/Heat_of_condensation" title="Heat of condensation">heat of condensation</span> from water vapor <span href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensing</span> at high altitudes, with <span href="/wiki/Solar_heating" title="Solar heating">solar heating</span> being the initial source for evaporation. Therefore, a tropical cyclone can be visualized as a giant vertical <span href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</span> supported by mechanics driven by physical forces such as the <span href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotation</span> and <span href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</span>.<br /> <span name="Major_basins_and_related_warning_centers" id="Major_basins_and_related_warning_centers"></span><br /> <b> Mechanics</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins" title="Tropical cyclone basins">Tropical cyclone basins</span>, <span href="/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Centre" title="Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre">Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Tropical_Cyclone_Warning_Centre" title="Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre">Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre</span></i> <b> Major basins and related warning centers</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">Tropical cyclogenesis</span></i> <b> Formation</b><br /> Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late <span href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</span>, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active.<br /> <span name="Factors" id="Factors"></span><br /> <b> Times</b><br /> The formation of tropical cyclones is the topic of extensive ongoing research and is still not fully understood. While six factors appear to be generally necessary, tropical cyclones may occasionally form without meeting all of the following conditions. In most situations, <span href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">water temperatures</span> of at least 26.5 °C (80 °F) are needed<br /> <span name="Locations" id="Locations"></span><br /> <b> Locations</b><br /> <span name="Steering_winds" id="Steering_winds"></span><br /> <b> Movement and track</b><br /> Although tropical cyclones are large systems generating enormous energy, their movements over the Earth's surface are controlled by large-scale winds—the streams in the Earth's atmosphere. The path of motion is referred to as a tropical cyclone's <i>track</i> and has been analogized by Dr. Neil Frank, former director of the <span href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</span>, to "leaves carried along by a stream."<br /> <span name="Coriolis_effect" id="Coriolis_effect"></span><br /> <b> Steering winds</b><br /> The Earth's rotation imparts an acceleration known as the <i><span href="/wiki/Coriolis_Effect" title="Coriolis Effect">Coriolis Effect</span></i>, <i>Coriolis Acceleration</i>, or colloquially, <i>Coriolis Force</i>. This acceleration causes cyclonic systems to turn towards the poles in the absence of strong steering currents.<br /> <span name="Interaction_with_the_mid-latitude_westerlies" id="Interaction_with_the_mid-latitude_westerlies"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.sky-chaser.com/image/schurr/scts.jpg" alt="Tropical cyclone" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Coriolis effect</b><br /> When a tropical cyclone crosses the <span href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" title="Subtropical ridge">subtropical ridge</span> axis, its general track around the high-pressure area is deflected significantly by winds moving towards the general low-pressure area to its north. When the cyclone track becomes strongly poleward with an easterly component, the cyclone has begun <i>recurvature.</i><br /> <span name="Landfall" id="Landfall"></span><br /> <b> Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies</b><br /> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <span href="/wiki/List_of_notable_tropical_cyclones" title="List of notable tropical cyclones">List of notable tropical cyclones</span> and <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis#Unusual_areas_of_formation" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">Unusual areas of tropical cyclone formation</span></i></span><br /> Officially, <i><span href="/wiki/Landfall_%28meteorology%29" title="Landfall (meteorology)">landfall</span></i> is when a storm's center (the center of its circulation, not its edge) crosses the coastline.<br /> <span name="Dissipation" id="Dissipation"></span><br /> <b> Landfall</b><br /> <span name="Factors_2" id="Factors_2"></span><br /> <b> Dissipation</b><br /> A tropical cyclone can cease to have tropical characteristics through several different ways. One such way is if it moves over land, thus depriving it of the warm water it needs to power itself, quickly losing strength. Most strong storms lose their strength very rapidly after landfall and become disorganized areas of low pressure within a day or two, or evolve into <span href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</span>. While there is a chance a tropical cyclone could regenerate it managed to get back over open warm water, if it remains over mountains for even a short time, it can rapidly lose its structure. Many storm fatalities occur in mountainous terrain, as the dying storm unleashes torrential rainfall, leading to deadly <span href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</span> and <span href="/wiki/Mudslide" title="Mudslide">mudslides</span>, similar to those that happened with <span href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Hurricane Mitch</span> in 1998. Additionally, dissipation can occur if a storm remains in the same area of ocean for too long, mixing the upper 30 meters (100 feet) of water. This occurs because the cyclone draws up colder water from deeper in the sea through <span href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</span>, and causes the water surface to become too cool to support the storm. Without warm surface water, the storm cannot survive.<br /> <span name="Artificial_dissipation" id="Artificial_dissipation"></span><br /> <b> Factors</b><br /> In the 1960s and 1970s, the <span href="/wiki/United_States_government" title="United States government">United States government</span> attempted to weaken hurricanes through <span href="/wiki/Project_Stormfury" title="Project Stormfury">Project Stormfury</span> by <span href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">seeding</span> selected storms with <span href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</span>. It was thought that the seeding would cause <span href="/wiki/Supercooled_water" title="Supercooled water">supercooled water</span> in the outer rainbands to freeze, causing the inner eyewall to collapse and thus reducing the winds. The winds of <span href="/wiki/1969_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Debbie" title="1969 Atlantic hurricane season">Hurricane Debbie</span>—a hurricane seeded in Project Stormfury—dropped as much as 30%, but Debby regained its strength after each of two seeding forays. In an earlier episode in 1947, disaster struck when a hurricane east of <span href="/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</span> promptly changed its course after being seeded, and smashed into <span href="/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</span>.<br /> <span name="Effects" id="Effects"></span><br /> <b> Artificial dissipation</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Effects_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Effects of tropical cyclones">Effects of tropical cyclones</span></i> <b> Effects</b><br /> <span name="Observation" id="Observation"></span><br /> <b> Observation and forecasting</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_observation" title="Tropical cyclone observation">Tropical cyclone observation</span></i> <b> Observation</b><br /> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_forecasting" title="Tropical cyclone forecasting">Tropical cyclone forecasting</span>, <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_prediction_model" title="Tropical cyclone prediction model">Tropical cyclone prediction model</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_rainfall_forecasting" title="Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting">Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting</span></i></span><br /> Because of the forces that affect tropical cyclone tracks, accurate track predictions depend on determining the position and strength of high- and low-pressure areas, and predicting how those areas will change during the life of a tropical system. The deep layer mean flow is considered to be the best tool in determining track direction and speed. If storms are significantly sheared, use of wind speed measurements at a lower altitude, such as at the 700 <span href="/wiki/Mbar" title="Mbar">hpa</span> pressure surface (3000 meters or 10000 feet above sea level) will produce better predictions. Tropical forecasters also consider smoothing out short-term wobbles of the storm center in order They attribute the lack of improvement in intensity forecasting to the complexity of tropical systems and an incomplete understanding of factors that affect their development.<br /> <span name="Classifications.2C_terminology.2C_and_naming" id="Classifications.2C_terminology.2C_and_naming"></span><br /> <b> Forecasting</b><br /> <span name="Intensity_classifications" id="Intensity_classifications"></span><br /> <b> Classifications, terminology, and naming</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales" title="Tropical cyclone scales">Tropical cyclone scales</span></i> <b> Intensity classifications</b><br /> The word <i>typhoon</i>, used today in the Northwest Pacific, has two possible and equally plausible origins. The first is from the <span href="/wiki/Chinese_Language" title="Chinese Language">Chinese</span> 大風 (<span href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</span>: daaih fūng; <span href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</span>: dà fēng) which means "great <span href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</span>." (Huracan is also the source of the word <i>Orcan</i>, another word for the <span href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</span>. These events should not be confused.)<br /> <span name="Naming" id="Naming"></span><br /> <b> Origin of storm terms</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming" title="Tropical cyclone naming">Tropical cyclone naming</span> and <span href="/wiki/Lists_of_tropical_cyclone_names" title="Lists of tropical cyclone names">Lists of tropical cyclone names</span></i> <b> Naming</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <span href="/wiki/List_of_notable_tropical_cyclones" title="List of notable tropical cyclones">List of notable tropical cyclones</span>, <span href="/wiki/List_of_notable_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="List of notable Atlantic hurricanes">List of notable Atlantic hurricanes</span>, and <span href="/wiki/List_of_notable_Pacific_hurricanes" title="List of notable Pacific hurricanes">List of notable Pacific hurricanes</span></i> <b> Notable tropical cyclones</b><br /> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <span href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_reanalysis" title="Atlantic hurricane reanalysis">Atlantic hurricane reanalysis</span></i></span><br /> While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend; the annual number of tropical cyclones worldwide remains about 87 ± 10. However, the ability of climatologists to make long-term data analysis in certain basins is limited by the lack of reliable historical data in some basins, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere. The official record, therefore, could miss storms in which no ship experienced gale-force winds, recognized it as a tropical storm (as opposed to a high-latitude extra-tropical cyclone, a tropical wave, or a brief squall), returned to port, and reported the experience.<br /> <span name="Global_warming" id="Global_warming"></span><br /> <b> Long term activity trends</b><br /> The <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</span> <span href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</span> <span href="/wiki/Geophysical_Fluid_Dynamics_Laboratory" title="Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory">Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory</span> performed a simulation to determine if there is a <span href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</span> <span href="/wiki/Trend" title="Trend">trend</span> in the frequency or strength of cyclones over time. The simulation concluded "the strongest hurricanes in the present climate may be upstaged by even more intense hurricanes over the next century as the earth's climate is warmed by increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere."<br /> <span name="Related_cyclone_types" id="Related_cyclone_types"></span><br /> <b> Global warming</b><br /> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <span href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</span>, <span href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</span></i></span><br /> In addition to tropical cyclones, there are two other classes of cyclones within the spectrum of cyclone types. These kinds of cyclones, known as <span href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</span> and <span href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">subtropical cyclones</span>, can be stages a tropical cyclone passes through during its <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">formation</span> or dissipation.<br /> <span name="Tropical_cyclones_in_popular_culture" id="Tropical_cyclones_in_popular_culture"></span><br /> <b> Related cyclone types</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_in_popular_culture" title="Tropical cyclones in popular culture">Tropical cyclones in popular culture</span></i> <b> See also</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-84063840100461080112007-11-11T07:37:00.001-08:002007-11-11T07:37:46.494-08:00<img src="http://www.amislam.com/images/basmal.jpg" alt="Zayd al-Khayr" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Zayd al-Khayr</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba">companion of Muhammad</span>. Hailing from the tribe of <span href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayy</span> in northern <span href="/wiki/Nejd" title="Nejd">Nejd</span>. He was originally known as Zayd al-Khayl ("Zayd of the Steeds", a reference to his chivalry), but after becoming <span href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</span>, Muhammad renamed him Zayd al-Khayr ("Zayd of Goodness" or "of Bounty").<br /> After learning information about Muhammad, Zayd made enquiries and decided to travel to <span href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</span> and meet him, taking a delegation of his people including Zurr ibn Sudoos, Malik ibn Jubayr, Aamir ibn Duwayn and others. When they reached Medina, they entered <span href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Nabawi" title="Masjid al-Nabawi">Masjid al-Nabawi</span> while he was addressing his congregation. Zayd and his delegation were astonished by the attention of the Muslims and the effect of his words on them. Muhammad said:<br /> <i>"I am better for you than al-<span href="/wiki/Uzza" title="Uzza">Uzza</span></i> (one of the main idols of the Arabs in the pre-Islamic era) <i>and everything else that you worship. I am better for you than the black camel which you worship besides God."</i><br /> Some of Zayd's delegation responded positively and accepted Islam while others did not. When Muhammad had finished speaking, Zayd stood up and said:<br /> <i>"O Muhammad, I testify that there is no god but <span href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</span> and that you are the messenger of God."</i><br /> Muhammad approached him and asked who he was, to which Zayd replied, <i>"I am Zayd al-Khayl the son of Muhalhil."</i><br /> <i>"From now on you are Zayd al-Khayr</i> ("Zayd the good") <i>instead, not Zayd al-Khayl,"</i> said Muhammad.<br /> During this visit in Medina all those who stayed with Zayd became Muslims.<br /> However, there was an epidemic of fever in Medina and Zayd al-Khayr succumbed to it. He attempted to return home despite his illness, hoping to get back to his people so they might become Muslims at his hands. He struggled to overcome the fever but he died before reaching Najd.<br /> <span name="Sources" id="Sources"></span><br /> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5593044044543232860.post-45565507158172403892007-11-10T07:11:00.001-08:002007-11-10T07:11:54.883-08:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Percy Sinclair Pilcher</b> (January <span href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</span> — <span href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">2 October</span> <span href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</span>) was a <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</span> inventor and pioneer aviator who, in one of the big "what if" events of history, could well have become the first person to achieve controlled, powered, heavier-than-air <span href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flight</span> well before the <span href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</span> had he not been tragically killed in a glider accident.<br /> <span name="Early_life" id="Early_life"></span><br /> <img src="http://images.scran.ac.uk/RB/images/thumb/0176/01760205.jpg" alt="Percy Pilcher" align="center" style="padding:10px" /><img src="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/AVpilcher3.jpg" alt="Percy Pilcher" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Early life</b><br /> In 1891 Pilcher began work as assistant lecturer at Glasgow University and took a growing interest in aviation. He built a <span href="/wiki/History_of_hang_gliding" title="History of hang gliding">hang glider</span> called <i>The Bat</i> which he flew for the first time in <span href="/wiki/1895" title="1895">1895</span>. Later that year Pilcher met <span href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</span>, who was the leading expert in gliding in Germany. These discussions led to Pilcher building two more gliders, <i>The Beetle</i> and <i>The Gull</i>. Based on the work of his mentor Otto Lilienthal, in 1897 Pilcher built a glider called <i>The Hawk</i> with which he broke the world distance record when he flew 250 m (820 feet) at the grounds of <span href="/wiki/Stanford_Hall" title="Stanford Hall">Stanford Hall</span> in <span href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</span>, <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span>.<br /> Pilcher set his sights upon powered flight: he developed a <span href="/wiki/Triplane" title="Triplane">triplane</span> that was to be powered by a 4 <span href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">hp</span> (3 kW) engine; however, construction of the triplane put him heavily into debt, and Pilcher needed sponsorship to complete his work.<br /> <span name="Death" id="Death"></span><br /> <b> Career</b><br /> On <span href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">30 September</span> <span href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</span>, having completed his triplane, he had intended to demonstrate it to a group of onlookers and potential sponsors in a field near Stanford Hall. However, the engine broke down and, so as not to disappoint his guests, he decided to fly the Hawk instead. Whilst flying, the tail snapped and Pilcher plunged 10 metres (30 feet) to the ground: he died two days later from his injuries with his triplane having never been publicly flown.<br /> He is buried in <span href="/wiki/Brompton_Cemetery" title="Brompton Cemetery">Brompton Cemetery</span>, London.<span href="http://www.brompton.org/Residents.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.brompton.org/Residents.htm" rel="nofollow">[1]</span><br /> <span name="Legacy" id="Legacy"></span><br /> <b> Renewal of interest</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Aviation_history#Picking_up_the_pace" title="Aviation history">Aviation history#Picking up the pace</span> so2374http://www.blogger.com/profile/03765352619562435540noreply@blogger.com0